Enewetak atoll

Normajusculamide C (369), which is closely related to dolastatin 11 (364), was isolated from a deep-water variety of the blue-green alga Lyngbya majuscula collected at Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands (298). Compound 369 exhibits antimycotic activity. From the same alga L. majuscula were isolated the lipopentapeptides majusculamide D (370) and deoxymajusculamide D (371), with both compounds showing moderate cytotoxicity (299). 

Fig. 7-12. Concentration ratios (ie, soil-to-plant transfer factors) for plutonium and americium at various sites associated with the US nuclear programme. Key to sites NTS, Nevada test site SR, Savannah River, South Carolina OR, Oak Ridge, Tennessee RF, Rocky Flats, Colorado NTS, Enewetak Atoll, South Pacific (from Dahlman et al., 1976).

Bikini and Enewetak Atolls were used as sites for tests related to nuclear weapons by the USA between 1946 and 1958 (see map in Fig. 10.12 for the location of Marshall Islands and vicinity). 

Year taken Bikini Atoll Enewetak Atoll Rongelap Atoll Utirik Atoll Other northern Marshall Atolls Total... 

Smith, S.V. and Harrison, J.T., 1977. Calcium carbonate production of the Mare incogni-tum, the upper windward reef slope, at Enewetak Atoll. Science, 197 556—559. 

Odum, H.T. and Odum, E.P., 1955. Trophic structure and productivity of a windward coral reef community on Enewetak Atoll. Ecol. Monogr., 25 291—320. 

Figure 3. Concentration ratios (CR) for Pu and Am. CR is defined as the simple ratio of actinide concentration for plants vs. soil on a dry weight basis. Sites where data sets have been collected are NTS (Nevada Test Site, Nev.), SR (Savannah River, S. C.), OR (Oak Ridge, Tenn.), RF (Rocky Flats, Col.), Enewetak Atoll, South Pacific. Arrow denotes approximate value used in the LMFBR Program Impact Assessment (2).

The atmosphere above the ocean contains C9-C28 n-alkanes in addition to low-weight hydrocarbons. Eichmann et al. (1980) have estimated that the ocean might emit 26 Tg of higher alkanes each year. The value is based on the measured total atmospheric concentration for C9-C28 n-alkanes of 300-400 ng/m3 over the Indian and the North Atlantic Oceans, coupled with an assumed residence time of the alkanes of 5 days resulting from their reactions with OH radicals. From measurements at Enewetak Atoll (Marshall Islands), however, Duce et al. (1983) reported atmospheric concentrations of C,2-C28 alkanes that were an order of magnitude lower than those found by Eichmann et al. (1980). It is questionable, therefore, whether their data can be extrapolated to the whole ocean area, so that the emission rate derived must be regarded an upper limit. 

Duce and Gagosian (1982, from Enewetak Atoll, Pacific Cl3 C27 2.5 x 10-3 — n-Alkanes... 

Soils may become contaminated from fallout associated with nuclear weapons tests, such as those conducted at the Trinity Site in southern New Mexico, the Pacific Proving Ground at the Enewetak Atoll, and the Nevada Test Site or with accidental, non-nuclear detonation of nuclear weapons, such as occurred at Palomares, Spain. Research facilities, such as the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, may release treated radioactive wastes under controlled conditions. Production facilities, such as the Hanford and Savannah River Plants and experimental reactor stations, for example, the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho, also released treated plutonium-bearing radioactive wastes under controlled conditions to soils (Hanson 1975). 

Enewetak Atoll. IAEA-SM-]99/33. In Transuranium nuclides in the environment. Proceedings of the symposium on transuranium nuclides in the environment. Vienna International Atomic Energy Agency, 517-543. 

Quinn T. M., Lohmann K. C. and Halliday A. N. (1991) Sr isotopic variation in shallow water carbonate sequences stratigraphic, chronostratigraphic, and eustatic implications of the record at Enewetak atoll. Paleoceanography 6,... 

George exploded at Enewetak Atoll on 9 May 1951. George was estimated to have a yield of slightly more than 200 kilotons TNT-equivalent. The detonation validated the Teller-Ulam concept. See also BRAVO JOE MIKE. 

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