Local energy

Second, the a-particles deposit energy locally, breaking many bonds and causiag much tissue damage. 

Fig. 6.2. The energy localization problem in shock-loaded porous powder mixtures involves a balance between the rate at which energy is applied locally and the rate at which it is removed from the site.

Use of the term mean-bulk temperature is to define the model from which temperatures are computed. In shock-compression modeling, especially in porous solids, temperatures computed are model dependent and are without definition unless specification of assumptions used in the calculations is given. The term mean-bulk temperature describes a model calculation in which the compressional energy is uniformly distributed throughout the sample without an attempt to specify local effects. In the energy localization case, it is well known that the computed temperatures can vary by an order of magnitude depending on the assumptions used in the calculation. 

It is particularly significant that no evidence is found for localized melting at particle interfaces in the inorganic materials studied. Apparently, effects commonly observed in dynamic compaction of low shock viscosity metals are not obtained in the less viscous materials of the present study. To successfully predict the occurrence of localized melting, it appears necessary to develop a more realistic physical model of energy localization in shock-compressed powders. 

Global Minimum. The lowest energy Local Minimum on a Potential Energy Surface. 

The calculation of the three conformations of TVM on ab initio level 6-31G(d)//6-31G(d) (Hartree-Fock) showed that the S4 symmetric form represents an energetical minimum but the Ci form is only 1.51 kJmol-1 higher in energy (local minimum, established by frequency calculations). The D2 symmetric form is 56.4 kJmol-1 higher in energy than the S4 conformation and represents a transition state. 

The filtering, namely the construction of energy local bases, can also be carried out using the Lanczos recursion or similar recursive methods. However, filtered vectors at E/ can only be obtained using the Green filter ... 

Figure 3. The dependence of heterogeneity exponent h of reactive medium on excess energy localization regions dimension D/ for PAA solid state imidization. The notation is the same, that in figure 2.

In tbis formula AE denotes tbe difference of tbe resonance energies (localization energies) between tbe hydrocarbon and the proton addition complex. The difference AAE shows the difference relative to a standard difference AE )(,. 

Etor state Torsional potential energy local Hamiltonian Magnetic field strength at nucleus of a... 

Table A6-2 Homolytic Bond Dissociation Energies. Local Density Models...

For each electron energy E, the interactions with tissue (frequently represented by liquid water) are simulated event by event, which means that one obtains a detailed description of the geometrical coordinates, energy locally deposited, and type of energy transfer (ionization or excitation) for each interaction point, primary or secondary. 

Cook (Ref 3) summarizes the adiabatic decomposition of explosives. Still more recently Bowden (Ref 7) reviewed energy localization effects in single crystals. (See Voi 4, pp D563-69). All these reviews as well as more studies (to be discussed below) emphasize the thermal nature of explosive initiation. Two simple examples will reveal that the thermal energy to produce initiation must be highly localized, ie unless the input energy, known to produce explosions, is concentrated into hot spots no explosions can occur... 

In open-shell electronic states, the orbitals are not all doubly occupied, and the preceding procedure is not applicable. However, if the wave function can be written as a single Slater determinant, one can use a modified procedure to obtain energy-localized MOs here also. The procedure is to deal with the a spin-orbitals and the jS spin-orbitals separately, using two different unitary transformation matrices Ba and B in (2.85). 

Energy-localized MOs for the 02 triplet ground state have been calculated in this manner. [See D. M. Hirst and M. E. Linington, Theor. Chim. Acta, 16, 55 (1970).] This procedure can also be applied to radicals with a single unpaired electron (e.g., vinyl). 

Ellipsoid of inertia, 198-202,439-440 Emission of radiation spontaneous, 121-122 stimulated, 118, 120,122,135-139 Energy conversion factors, 468 Energy-localized orbitals, 69, 103-104 Equilibrium frequencies, 147, 262 Equivalent representations, 400 Ethane ... 

As an example of the application of matrix methods to MO theory, consider the transformation between the set of delocalized canonical Hartree-Fock MOs energy-localized MOs linear combinations of the canonical MOs ... 

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