Water liquid, relative energy level

Figure 21. Diagram showing the relative energy levels, in terms of Q, for water vapor, liquid water, ice, and bound water in wood at different moisture contents, (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 10. Copyright 1972, Syracuse University Press.)...

Figure 32. Curves showing relative energy levels of water vapor, acti vated molecules, and liquid ana bound water (61).

This somewhat roundabout approach to the problem is necessary because direct measurement of equilibrium in the chlorine-water-hydrate system at the temperatures and pressures of interest would be exceptionally difficult. Ketelaar [22] therefore made an ingenious series of individually plausible assumptions from which he estimated the vapor pressure of hydrate and its solubility in liquid chlorine. The numbered items below describe the individual steps in the reasoning process, and Fig. 9.31 shows the relative energy levels of the different states of the important species. 

The change in the energy of immersion as a function of the precoverage pjpa is shown in Figure 11.8. In contrast to the behaviour of kaolinite, a relative pressure of c. 0.75 was required in order to reduce the immersion energy to its final constant level of 12.6 J g-1. By assuming that this corresponds to the immersion of particles coated with liquid water, we obtain a value of 105 m2 g 1 for the external area (since the surface internal energy of pure liquid water is 0.119 J m 2). 

Most carbon blacks have a low affinity for water, i.e. they are hydrophobic. However, the level of hydrophobicity is reduced by the presence of chemisorbed oxygen and certain functional groups (Walker and Janov) 1968 Bradley et al., 1995). The relative extents of the polar and hydrophobic areas of carton blacks have been studied by various methods (Boehm, 1994), including energy of immersion measurements (Barton and Harrison, 1975) and by liquid flow calorimetry (Groszek,... 

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