Liquids energy needs

Firstly, this is the supplying of energy needed for retaining the necessary volume of the liquid. Secondly, this is the choice of magnetic field topography in which the variation of meniscus position is small enough for different liquid quantities. 

Note that this equation has two energy terms that did not appear in eqn. (7.1). The first, Tir Cl - cos 0)Ycs> is the energy needed to create the new interface between the catalyst and the solid. The second, - rr (l - cos 0)Ycu is the energy released because the area of the catalyst-liquid interface is smaller after nucleation than it was before. 

The process is basically a rotary kiln design. Waste is first pretreated and then inserted in the rotary kiln, where it is incinerated with air. The chlorinated hydrocarbons are converted into H2O, CO2 and HCl. After that, in a wet scrubber the HCl is recovered as aqueous HCl. If needs be, natural gas or liquid energy carriers can be added in order to reach the necessary high temperatures in the afterburner. 

Finally, as a simple illustration of how weak these forces are, note how the energy required to break the hydrogen bonds in liquid hydrogen chloride (i.e. the energy required to vaporize it) is 16 kJmol-1, yet the energy needed break the chemical bond between atoms of hydrogen and chlorine in H-Cl is almost 30 times stronger, at 431 kJmol-1. 

Heat is absorbed from the surroundings while a liquid evaporates. This heat does not change the temperature of the liquid because the energy absorbed equates exactly to the energy needed to break intermolecular forces in the liquid (see Chapter 2). Without these forces the liquid would, in fact, be a gas. 

If you want to measure the specific heat of a liquid, you need know only the electrical energy needed to heat a known weight of the liquid and the measured temperature change, but you must use a calibrated calorimeter, so that a correction can be made for the amount of electrical energy that was absorbed by the calorimeter walls rather than by the liquid. 

To review—all the energy needed to accelerate the liquid to the suction of a pump comes from the pump s suction pressure. None of this energy comes from the pump itself. Or, as one clever operator at the Unocal Refinery in San Francisco explained to me, Pumps push, but they do not suck. ... 

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