Energy Futures

J. H. Perry and C. P. Perry, Methanol Bridge to a Renewable Energy Future University Press of American, Lanham, Md., 1990. 

Fig. 2-4. Average CO2 concentration North Atlantic Region O, Pacific Region A. (The dashed line is the nineteenth-century base value 290 ppm.) Source Combination of data from Callender, G. C., Tellus, 10, 243 (1958), and Council on Environmental Quality, "Global Energy Futures and the Carbon Ehoxide Problem." Superintendent of Documents, Lf.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1981. (See also Fig. 11-1.)...

Nader, L., and Milleron, N. (1979). Dimensions of the People Problem in Energy Research and the Factual Basis of Dispersed Energy Futures. Energy 4(5) 953-967. 

Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI). 1981. A New Prosperity Building a Sustainable Energy Future. Andover, MA Brick House Publishing... 

A low-energy-future scenario envisioned in the late 1970s. By 2000, the energy being consumed from petroleum, natural gas, coal, and nuclear power were all on the rise, and renewable energy supplied a smaller fraction of total energy. 

A futures contract is an agreement that calls for a seller to deliver to a buyer a specified quantity and quality of an identified commodity, at a fixed time in the future, at a price agreed to when the contract is made. An option on a commodity futures contract gives the buyer of the option the right to convert the option into a futures contract. Energy futures and options contracts arc used by energy producers, petroleum refin-... 

The London-based International Petroleum Exchange (IPE) is the second largest energy futures exchange in the world, listing futures contracts that represent the pricing benchmarks for two-thirds of the world s crude oil and the majority of middle distillate traded in Europe. IPE natural gas futures may also develop into an international benchmark as the European market develops larger sales volume. 

In addition to providing some control of price risk, futures and options markets are also very useful mechanisms for price discovery and for gauging market sentiment. There is a world-wide need for accurate, real-time information about the prices established through futures and options trading, that is, a need for price transparency. Exchange prices are simultaneously transmitted around the world via a network of information vendors terminal seiwices directly to clients, thereby allowing users to follow the market in real time wherever they may be. Energy futures prices are also widely reported in the financial press. These markets thus enable an open, equitable and competitive environment. 

Brown, S. L., and Errcra, S. (1987). Trading Energy Futures A Manual for Energy hidustiy Professionals. New York Quorum Bonks. 

Clubley, S. (1998). Trading iu Energy Futures and Options. Cambridge, Eng. Woodbead. 

Nadel, S., and Latham, L. (1998). The Role of Market Transformation Strategies in Achieving a More Sustainable Energy Future. Washington, DC American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy. 

United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe. (1983). An EfFicicnt Energy Future Prospect for Europe and Nonh Ameriea. Boston Author. 

U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. (1995). Renewing Our Energy Future. Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office. 

The first International Scientific Forum on Energy in November, 1977 was subtitled "Nuclear Energy Future of the World" and was held in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The white paper issued on this occasion had favorable recommendations on nuclear energy and the cosigners of this declaration included some of the biggest names of the nuclear era. 

Nov. 1977 Fort Lauderdale, FL Nuclear Energy Future of the World... 

The significant environmental challenges associated with increased energy use, coupled with increasing competition for fossil fuel supplies, suggest that nuclear power should continue to be an important part of the mix in planning the energy future. 

In May, 1991, Hemy Thomas, a former Assistant Secretary ofEnergy and executive of the American Gas Institute, described his vision for an energy future in the US to participants at a Federal executive seminar on foreign policy. He described nuclear power as safe - but then said that natural gas would become the energy resource of choice because of the inability to manage nuclear wastes. 

Turner, J. A., A realizable renewable energy future. Science 1999, 285, 687. 

Stiegel, G.J. and Ramezan, M., Hydrogen from coal gasification, An economical pathway to a sustainable energy future, Int.. Coal Geol., 65,173, 2006. 

Hydrogen has a unique role in a secure energy future for the United States. The U.S. could be energy self-sufficient with hydrogen, ensuring our national stability from an energy security, supply, and economic perspective. 

Fuel cells are overdue in becoming a major part of our energy future. Then, one in three or even one in two of the cars on the road may be fuel cell vehicles. There are obstacles and challenges to that happening, but... 

Fuel cells could become a major player in our energy future. In order to see more cars on the road that are fuel cell vehicles, many obstacles and challenges will have to be overcome, but there does not seem to be anything that is insurmountable. The cost of specialized materials is dropping and higher-volume manufacturing will bring production costs down. 

Martinot, E., Dienst, C., Weiliang, L. and Qimin, C. (2007). Renewable energy futures targets, scenarios, and pathways. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 32, 205-239. 

Martinot, E. (2007). Renewable Energy Futures, www.martinot.info/futures.htm. 

Electricity can be used as a transportation fuel to power battery electric and fuel cell vehicles. Electric fuel is electricity that is used to directly power the vehicle. In a sustainable energy future, electricity will become the prime energy carrier. We now have to focus our research on electricity storage, electric cars and the modernization of the existing electricity irrfrastractrrre. 

N. Berkowitz (Alberta Research Council) provided a stimulating account of the potential of coal in Canada s energy future. Coal can be used directly as an industrial fuel or be converted to other combustible hydrocarbons. Berkowitz described the three different conversion techniques gasification, liquefaction, and partial conversion techniques to produce gases, oils, and solid fuels. 

Bossel, U. Phenomena, Fact and Physics of a Sustainable Energy Future, www.efcfcom. 

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