Endocrine function neuroendocrine system

In addition to disturbances in endocrine function, the sympathetic nervous system is probably involved in the pathogenesis of an arousal syndrome involving neuroendocrine and autonomic centres (Davy 2004). 

Early studies revealed that ginseng possesses biomodulatory effects on the higher centers of the central nervous system, facilitating both physical and mental activities. It has a noteworthy effect on the endocrine system, regulating the blood sugar level as demonstrated in alloxan diabetics. Recent experimental and clinical studies concluded that it has a wide range of effects, such as a remarkable anti-shock effect in circulatory failure, modulatory effects on the immune functions, modulation of cellular metabolic processes, modulation of neuroendocrine system activities, improvement of learning and memory processes, and others (see Tab. 12). 

Due to our individuality, what stresses one person may have no effect on another. Physiologically, stress is characterized by increased blood pressure, increased muscle tension, rapid heart rate, rapid breathing, and altered endocrine gland function. In the whole scheme, the nervous system and the endocrine system are intimately involved in the response to stress and the effects of stress. In turn, changes produced by these two systems—collectively the neuroendocrine system—can alter nutritional processes and increase the needs of tissues for nutrients. Moreover, stress and nutrition interact since (1) malnutrition itself may produce a... 

All the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary except prolactin (PRL) are key participants in hormonal systems in which they regulate the production by peripheral tissues of hormones that perform the ultimate regulatory functions. In these systems, the secretion of the pituitary hormone is under the control of a hypothalamic hormone. Each hypothalamic-pituitary-endocrine gland system or axis provides multiple opportunities for complex neuroendocrine regulation of growth, development, and reproductive functions. 

Thomas, P., Khan, LA. (2005). Disruption of nongenomic steroid actions on gametes and serotonergic pathways controlling reproductive neuroendocrine function by environmental chemicals. In Endocrine Disruptors Effects on Male and Female Reproductive Systems, 2nd edition (R.K. Naz, ed.), pp. 3-45. CRC Press/Taylor Francis Group, LLC, Boca Raton. 

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