Emulsification ultrasonic process

Djakovic, L.M. Dokic, P.P. Sefer, I.B. Mathematical and experimental essentials of the emulsification process optimal parameters determination. J. Disp. Sd. Tech. 1989,70(1), 59-76. Continuous Ultrasonic Processing Cell Misonix Corporation Farmingdale, NY, 1998. 

Mahdi C, Oualid H, Fatiha A, Christian P (2010) Study on ultrasonically assisted emulsification and recovery of copper(II) from wastewater using an emulsion liquid membrane process. Ultrason Sonochem 17(2) 318-325... 

Large-scale ultrasonic irradiation is extant technology. Liquid processing rates of 200 liters/minute are routinely accessible from a variety of modular, in-line designs with acoustic power of several kW per unit (83). The industrial uses of these units include (1) degassing of liquids, (2) dispersion of solids into liquids, (3) emulsification of immiscible liquids, and (4) large-scale cell disruption (74). While these units are of limited use for most laboratory research, they are of potential importance in eventual industrial application of sonochemical reactions. 

Ultrasound-assisted emulsification was initially developed by Wood and Loomis [38]. The first patent of an ultrasonic emulsifier was granted in 1944 in Switzerland. Since then, research on US-assisted emulsification and underlying mechanisms has grown in parallel due to interest in the process [32]. 

The components of an ELM system are the diluent, surfactant, internal aqueous phase, continuous phase, and carrier in the case of type 2 facilitation. Emulsification is usually achieved by high speed or ultrasonic stirrers for batch operations and high-pressure static dispersion or colloid mills for continuous mode [46]. The presence of a surfactant is necessary to ensure adequate stability of the emulsion during the extraction process. However, an ultra stable emulsion is not desirable as it will lead to difficulties in the demulsification stage. Eor the effective working of an ELM all components must be carefully chosen and each composition is critical. Some of the desirable properties of the various components are listed in the following sections. 

In 1926, Boyle and Taylor reported the possibility of degassing of light alloys melts by ultrasonic oscillations. Ayear later Wood and Loomis published the results of their study on powerful ultrasonic oscillations. They excited a quartz plate using a 2-kW generator in the frequency range of 200 to 500 kHz and investigated an effect of oscillations on processes of dispersion, emulsification, degassing, etc. 

Up to a few years ago the majority of applications and developments involved ultrasonic frequencies in the MHz range for noninvasive analysis. A number of uses have been developed for the measurement of such factors as the degree of emulsification or extent of particle distribution within dispersions. More recently the interest of food technologists has turned to the use of power ultrasound in processing. In this case the mechanical and chemical effects of cavitation are important and applications are very wide ranging (Table 1). 

Ramfrez et al. encapsulated double-layer (oleic acid and SDS) surfactant-coated magnetite into polystyrene particles by miniemulsion polymerization [171]. In the three-step process, oleic-acid-coated magnetite and oleic acid/SDS double-coated magnetite were prepared in the first and second step, respectively. The third step consists of the preparation of a miniemulsion by stirring 1 h for pre-emulsification, followed by ultrasonication for 2 min using St as monomer with hexadecane and SDS in water. The encapsulation of magnetite was accomplished by cosonication of an St miniemulsion and SDS-stabilized magnetite nanoparticles. The polymerization was initiated by KPS at 80°C. 

S. Chatterjee, M.A. Zaher, Encapsulation of fish oil with N-stearoyl O-butylglyceryl chitosan using membrane and ultrasonic emulsification processes. Carbohydr. Polym. 123, 432-442 (2015)... 

Here the different steps of the preparation of the nanocomposites are briefly summarized. First, PPO (a low molar mass polymer powder supplied by Sabic-IP, the Netherlands] was end-capped by acetylation in order to avoid inhibition of the styrene polymerization by phenolic OH groups. It was subsequently mixed with styrene and hexadecane. Then the mixture was added to an aqueous solution of 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (SDBS). This mixture of SDBS/ hexadecane was chosen as a stabilization system since it is suitable to achieve and guarantee efficient stabilization of polymer particles of sizes smaller than 1 ymP The emulsification process was split up into two steps, namely, a first pre-emulsification step performed by ultra-high shear stirring, followed by ultrasonication in order to obtain submicron particles. Finally, the polymerization was initiated and carried out at 80°C under inert atmosphere (final monomer conversion of 90 %]. The latex obtained had a solid content of 23.6 wt% and contained 10 wt% of PPO dissolved in PS and had a particle size of 100 nm. At the end of the polymerization, the PS molar mass was about... 

Lin CY, Chen LW. 2006. Emnlsification characteristics of three- and two-phase emulsions prepared by the ultrasonic emulsification method. Fuel Process Technol 87 309-317. 

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