Employment applications, timing, 241,

This list is by no means exhaustive. Many other amines have been employed from time to time, and novel materials are occasionally tested under high temperature conditions to control problems specific to critical units, especially in PWR secondary cycles and other power applications. 

For heavy-duty commercial vehicle application, validation data from an engine test bench were used. Two different NSRC volumes were employed, 7 times and... 

Many industrial applications employ discrete time controllers. These operate on the basis of discrete signals rather than on a continuous signal as with analog controllers. They are ideally suited to the digital environment produced by computer control and/or sampled data systems. 

High enantiomeric excess in organocatalytic desymmetrization of meso-diols using chiral phosphines as nucleophilic catalysts was achieved for the first time by Vedejs et al. (Scheme 13.21) [36a], In this approach selectivity factors up to 5.5 were achieved when the C2-symmetric phospholane 42a was employed (application of chiral phosphines in the kinetic resolution of racemic secondary alcohols is discussed in Section 12.1). A later study compared the performance of the phos-pholanes 42b-d with that of the phosphabicyclooctanes 43a-c in the desymmetrization of meso-hydrobenzoin (Scheme 13.21) [36b], Improved enantioselectivity was observed for phospholanes 42b-d (86% for 42c) but reactions were usually slow. Currently the bicyclic compound 43a seems to be the best compromise between catalyst accessibility, reactivity, and enantioselectivity - the monobenzoate of hydrobenzoin has been obtained with a yield of 97% and up to 94% ee [36b]. 

The critical lethal parameters of the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents are the concentrations of the agents employed, the time of exposure, the types and numbers of organisms exposed, the pH of the environment or formulation, and the temperature of application. An understanding of the effects of these conditions upon the killing process and of the terms that describe such dependence is important to rationalize the use of preservatives in different situations and formulations. 

These diol syntheses have found wide application in synthetic carbohydrate chemistry since the early 1930s and were employed many times in the past decade. 

Intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) reactions of 1,6,8-nonatrienes and 1,7,9-decatrienes have been used frequently for the construction of chiral ring systems of complex natural products (18-20), Although saccharide derivatives have been employed many times in intermolecular Diels-Alder reactions (21-28) their IMDA reaction appears not to have been studied so far. The diastereoselectivity of IMDA reactions can be influenced, among other factors, by the size of substituents, and by the chirality of carbons of the connecting chain. Our aim was to study the possibilities of the application of single monosaccharides as tether chains in IMDA reactions. The influence of the presence of three or four chiral... 

In the presence of special devices for the bonding of the extreme ends of sheets and laminates, the aforementioned verifications can be neglected, as long as a proper certification of the experimental surveys of these devices is available. The certification should involve the employed materials (adhesives and reinforcements), the specific systems used to improve the bonding (covered cross-bars, cross-strips with sheets, etc.), the sequence of stages provided by the manufacturer to prepare the surfaces, the application time, and the environmental conditions. 

The general goal of electrical testing for HDI substrates remains about the same—detection of opens, shorts, and leakage, although often with increased concern for latent defects, whose appearance can be made more likely by the fine geometry employed in traces and microvias. The measurement electronics are often the same, and are not further discussed here except for special cases. For some applications, time domain reflectometry (TDR) or other radio frequency (RF) tests are desired, but are complicated by the short signal runs on some of these substrates. 

The versatility and simplicity of the theory has made this approach rather attractive for engineering applications. Actually, the first engineering application of TPTl, known as the Self-Associating-Fluid-Theory, or SAFT [253,254], is now employed many times as an alternative name for TPTl. Since the development of SAFT,... 

The principle of optical triangulation has been known since the time of the early Greeks, and indeed optical triangulation has been used for hundreds of years in applications such as surveying, camera auto-focus and even smart-bombs. With the advent of low-cost, compact electro-optic components such as lateral-effect photodetectors, diode lasers and micro-optics, laser-based triangulation sensors can now be employed for applications that were, heretofore, considered uninspectable. 

For many centuries the application of materials for low friction and wear in sliding and rolling contacts primarily involved wood, stone, leather, iron, and copper. Almost all engineering materials have since been employed at one time or another in the continuing search for the best bearing material. Final selection is commonly a judgment based on the most essential material properties, ease of appHcation, and cost. 

The pitot-venturi flow element is capable of developing a pressure differential 5 to 10 times that of a standard pitot tube. This is accomplished by employing a pair of concentric venturi elements in place of the pitot probe. The low-pressure tap is connected to the throat of the inner venturi, which in turn discharges into the throat of the outer venturi. For a discussion of performance and application of this flow element, see Stoll, Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Eng., 73, 963-969 (1951). 

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