Emergent collective behaviors

Despite its simple local rule base, EINSTein has an impressive repertoire of emergent collective behaviors forward advance, frontal attack, local clustering, penetration, retreat, attack posturing, containment, flanking maneuvers. Guerrilla-like assaults, among many others. 

Complex dynamic and positive feedback between molecular/supramolecular partners in dynamic combinatorial libraries (DCLs) gives rise to emergent functional systems with a collective behavior. From the conceptual point of view, these systems express a synergistic constitutional self-reorganization (self-adaptation) of their configuration, producing an adaptive response in the presence of internal or external structural factors. 

Nanotechnologies deal with the border between the realm of individual atoms and molecules, where quantum mechanics rule, and the macroworld, where bulk properties of materials emerge from the collective behavior of a large number of atoms and molecules [11.5, B.97]. 

In recent years, there has been great interest in developing physically inspired computational models based on the idea that the dynamics of the motion of fluid and interfaces can be represented in terms of the collective behavior of interactions of quasi-particle populations at scales smaller than macroscopic, but larger than molecular scales. These models fall in the class of mesoscopic methods - the LBM [6, 42, 45] being one. The LBM is generally based on minimal discrete kinetic models whose emergent behavior, under appropriate constraints, corresponds to the... 

A straightforward, important application of the statistical ensemble approach is to construct phenomenological equations of state the analogs o( PV = NRT or the van der Waals equations for ideal gases and gas-liquid transitions, respectively. As in thermal systems, equations of state can be used to predict the macroscopic behavior of a system that can have different microsopic interactions. Equations of states capture the relationships between macroscopic variable that emerge from the collective behavior of the microscopic objects. The angoricity-stress equations of state obtained from experiments [54], for example, predict... 

Swarm intelligence [1] is a term describing the collective behavior that emerges from a group of social insects. An example is how ants find the shortest path between the nest and a food source by coimnunicating via pheromone, a chemical substance that attracts other ants. Figure 2 illustrates how the shortest path is found. 

Collective phenomena on a biochemical level are assumed to involve the coupling of myriad enzymatic processes with the emergence of behavior observable at a macroscopic level. Models to explain dynamic processes such as evolution and morphogenesis have involved the use of oscillatory phenomena to achieve collective behavior. 

The theory and applications of CAs and similar systems will likely attract increasing interest as the capabilities for massive parallel computation expand, and robust, decentralized, and highly distributed systems become imperative. CAs and similar systems will also be increasingly important as modeling tools, as scientists probe more deeply into the behavior of natural systems composed of simple components with local communication and emergent collective properties. I hope that this review will contribute to the increase of interest in CAs and to the better understanding and wider application of such systems. 

The fundamental concept of AL is emergence, or the appearance of higher-level properties and behaviors of a system that - while obviously originating from the collective dynamics of that system s components - are neither to be found in nor are directly deducible from the lower-level properties of that system. Emergent properties are properties of the whole that are not possessed by any of the individual parts making up that whole an air molecule is not a tornado and a neuron is not conscious. 

Accidental incidents involving new types of emergencies began to surface in the 1940s. They were linked with the behavior of certain chemical products collectively called hazardous chemicals (or hazardous materials) whenever they are misused or involved in unintended mishaps and fires. 

The collection of these new observations has attended a revived interest in the theoretical chemistry to explain the behavior of the heaviest elements of the Periodic Table on the basis of relativistic effects, which are specially important for elements with a high nuclear charge.4-6 It is only through the consideration of the relativistic effects that a deeper understanding of the chemistry of gold has emerged.7... 

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