Localized clusters

In a similar manner, during the process of the existing metal particles growth and the deposition of new species using cathodically biased electrode in a solution of metal ions, the growing metal phase will be also localized at the sites of the surface exposure of the continuous donor centers. The reason for this is that namely these sites possess substantially enhanced electrocatalytic activity in comparison with the stoichiometric oxide surface and exhibit the properties of current channels non-restricted by the Schottky barrier at the interface with the electrolyte. Actually, a peculiar decoration of the sites of donor centers accumulation and donor clusters localization by the metal nanoparticles takes place in the dark processes of metal particle deposition onto the surface of the chemically inert wide-band-gap oxides. The increased electrocatalytic activity of the wide-band-gap semiconductor electrodes resulted from the deposition of metal nanoparticles on their surface may be also regarded as a kind of such decoration . 

High-Nuclearity Mixed-Valence Clusters Localization vs. Delocalization of the Electronic Pair in the Double Reduced Polyoxometallates with Keggin Structure... 

Fig. 8. In-situ STM images in the system HOPG(0001)/10 M AgC104 + 1 M HCIO4 at T = 298 K. Left image bare substrate surface. Right image Ag clusters locally deposited on a flat substrate terasse applying tip-positive 6 V bias with 0.1 ms duration. 7t = 5 nA Pt-Ir tip.

Thus, Mo is present in the samples in the form of Mo-containing clusters localized in the iimer of ZSM-5 channels and surface M02C crystallites 2-10 nm in size. In addition, HRTM images show that free cavities are formed around the surface M02C particles, which is obviously connected to a partial zeolite decomposition and molybdenum carbide modification by aluminium. 

Experimental evidence indicates that the local minima of protein energy landscapes have a complex, hierarchical structure [7], and computational methods have been developed for clustering local minima into hierarchies using various metrics for measuring the distance between them. Both... 

The first waters sorbed cause the sulfonate heads to dissociate, resulting in the formation of hydronium ions [26]. The water that hydrates the membrane forms counter-ion clusters localized on sulfonate sites with the sulfonate heads acting as nucleation sites [26]. Given the hydrophobic nature of the backbone, and the hydrophilic nature of the sulfonate heads, it is reasonable to consider that all water molecules sorbed by the membrane at this low water content are associated with the sulfonate heads. Moreover, the hydronium ions will be localized on the sulfonate heads, and, because the amount of water sorbed is insufficient for the formation of a continuous water phase, the conductivity will be extremely low. Figure 4.2a is a schematic... 

Oh, C. and Sorensen, C.M. (1998). Structure factor of diffusion-limited aggregation clusters local structure and non-self-similarity. Phys. Rev. E, 57, 784—790. 

In the case of co-adsorption of water and weakly polar organic substances, the area of cluster localization of strongly associated water can change. Figure 3.30a shows the results of the coadsorption of water and deuterated chloroform (which is not registered in NMR spectra). 

K. Osnes, Iterative random aggregation of small units using regional measures of spatial autocorrelation for cluster localization. Statistics in Medicine, 18 (6), p>p. 7017-725,1999. 

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