Elimination faecal

Insects are considered to be another potential vector for faecal material to produce in production areas (Geldreich et al., 1964). Pollinating insects might inoculate flowers with pathogens opening the pathway for fruits to internalize pathogens and eliminating their accessibility to surface decontamination (De Roever, 1999). 

After either oral or intravenous administration of [ Cjondansetron to rats the majority (about 80 %) of the radioactive dose is voided in the faeces, the remainder of the dose being excreted in the urine. In the dog, faecal elimination accounts for about half of the dose and is independent of the route of administration. Evidence from animals with cannulated bile-ducts indicates that the major route of excretion is via the bile. In both species, less than 5 % of the dose is excreted unchanged in urine, suggesting that extensive metabolism of ondansetron occurs. 

Tissue distribution was examined at five time points, with separate determinations of total 4C, tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate and bis(2,3,-dibromopropyl) phosphate. The results confirmed the rapid disappearance of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate, this being detected only at 5 and 30 min. Bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate was the major component in blood, lung, muscle and fat and had a long elimination period. At five days after dosing, there was significant retention of in the kidney, this comprising various polar components with some bis(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate also detected. The extensive biliary excretion of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate-related radioactivity and low faecal elimination of the radiolabel indicate that enterohepatic circulation contributes to the retention of in the body (Lynn et al., 1982). 

Gobas, F.A.P.C., K.E. Clark, W.Y. Shiu, and D. Mackay. 1989a. Bioconcentration of Polybrominated Benzenes and Biphenyls and Related Superhydrophobic Chemicals in Fish Role of Bioavailability and Faecal Elimination. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8, 231-247. 

Gobas, F. A.P.C., D.C.G. Muir, and D. Mackay. 1989. Dynamics of Dietary Bioaccumulation and Faecal Elimination of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals in Fish. Chemosphere 17, 943-962. 

Gobas FAPC, Muir DCG, Mackay D. 1988. Dynamics of dietary bioaccumulation and faecal elimination of hydrophobic organic chemicals in fish. Chemosphere 17 943-962. 

Docusate sodium is an anionic surfactant that lowers the surface tension of the intestinal contents, allowing fluid and fat to penetrate, emulsify and soften faecal material for easier elimination. Evacuation is achieved without straining. It is also thought to be a stimulant similar to the anthraquinones. A laxative effect usually occurs within 1-3 days. 

At a higher oral dose level, the amount of the et-carbon label led dose excreted in the urine of raLs fell and faecal excretion increased. Only 38% of a single oral dose of 500 mg kg was excreted in the urine (with 62% in faeces over a 7-day period. This may not necessarily signify a reduction in the amount of PBO absorbed, since biliary excretion of PBO metabolites has been shown to be the major route of elimination following intravenous administration (Fishbein el /., 1969). 

Both tetramisole and levamisole are also potent inhibitors of fumarate reductase in the mitochondria of nematodes and f. hepatica. Since fumarate reductase plays a crucial role in the energy production in helminths, the inhibition of this enzyme would cut-off worm s energy supply and eventually cause its paralysis. The paralysed worm is no longer able to hold its position in the gut against intestinal peristalsis and, therefore, is soon eliminated with the faecal stream [31,58,61,62]. 

Elimination. Apart from that lost in bodily secretions, most lead is excreted in the urine. Faecal excretion may reflect current exposure more than that which has been absorbed and stored. Urinary excretion of ingested lead is rapid at first but gradually diminishes as more of the absorbed lead is stored rather than excreted. The rate of loss is more related to the duration of exposure than the quantity accumulated. In a balanced state, elimination of lead is equal to that absorbed. Chronic renal failure does not cause accumulation of lead in the body [4]. 

In Sweden, faecal lead elimination using the duplicate diet method were confirmed at 23 and 26 pg d, in Croatia faecal elimination was substantially higher than the value obtained by duplicate diet method, 49 and 15 pg d, respectively [5]. The faecal elimination method appears generally to be the more reliable method for estimation of daily intake, but less popular and widespread to assess general population exposure to lead fi-om food intake. 

Faecal elimination method, again as for lead, confrrmed the daily intake of cadmium obtained by duplicate diet method in Sweden. In Croatia faecal elimination method showed higher values. 

It is found to be absorbed very well after oral administration and almost 31% gets bound to plasma protein. It is usually eliminated by the faecal and urinary routes. 

Patel et al (1994) employed a combined process of coagulation and MF to avoid a disinfection posttreatment. The coagulation step was used to eliminate phosphorus, arsenic, and viruses, to avoid fouling, decrease particle accumulation on the membrane surface, and improve backflush characteristics. MF pilot plant studies in constant permeate flux mode showed that turbidity, particles, and faecal coliforms could be removed, but TOC removal was unreliable. Crossflow MF showed no difference to dead-end filtration, and both methods were similar to or better than sand filtration. Results with coagulation and MF improved phosphorous and turbidity removal, but the process was not optimised. The treatment lead to a reduction of chlorine demand in the product water. 

In the 1950s and 1960s anion-exchange resins, such as colestyramine, were developed with the aim of binding bUe acids in the intestine, which originate from cholesterol elimination in the liver, and thus disrupt their enterohepatic circulation. The sequestered bile acids are then excreted with the faecal stools. Since the transport of the bile acids back to the liver can no longer occur, the serum cholesterol level drops. 

Most of the calcium that is lost from the body is excreted in the faeces, this being mainly unabsorbed dietary calcium. However, the digestive secretions all contain small amounts of calcium, and individuals on a calcium-free diet continue to excrete faecal calcium. The normal daily excretion is of the order of 0-1-0-3 g (2-5-7-5 mmol). The quantity of phosphorus excreted daily varies with the dietary intake. As with calcium an appreciable proportion of ingested phosphorus remains unabsorbed and is eliminated in the faeces. Phosphorus is also excreted in the urine, almost entirely in the form of orthophosphates (e.g. NaH2P04 and Na2HP04). Their role in the regulation of acid-base balance is discussed on page 395. Urinary excretion of phosphate is increased in hyperparathyroidism. 

Dietary fat and cholesterol metabolism. Faecal elimination of bile acids and... 

By and large, the events leading to inhibition of the H, K -ATPase by the various PPIs can be described in identical terms After intestinal absorption, the drugs are distributed by the bloodstream and gain diffusional access to the canalicular system of the parietal cell. In this acid compartment, they are trapped and acid-activated to form short-lived sulfenamides ready to bind to sulfhydryl groups of the H, K -ATPase. Elimination depends on hepatic metabolism, followed by renal and faecal excretion. Along this way, a number of differences between the various PPIs can be identified. 

At standard dosages, plasma elimination of omeprazole is fastest. Excretion occurs, to different proportions, by renal and faecal routes (Tab. 1). Omeprazole metabolism seems to be saturable, so that 40-mg doses of omeprazole and pantoprazole are excreted at the same rates (1.25 h) [22]. 

There are three major routes for the elimination of foreign compounds the urine, exhaled breath and the faeces. Compounds which enter the body and are then eliminated (in their original form or as their metabolites) are said to be excreted. Elimination also takes account of the voiding of materials which have been swallowed but not absorbed. For example, the faeces contain varying amounts of metals and their compounds which have been ingested but never absorbed—this represents the 90 per cent of the ingested dose which has not been taken up from the gut. The faecal concentration of some potentially toxic metals can therefore be used as an indication of the total amount in the... 

Figure 3. Intake, faecal and urinary elimination of CML after consumption of the WD and BD. Values are mean standard error. A symbol indicates significant differences between both dietary treatments.

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