Examination of Urine

Microscopic examination of the sediment obtained from the centrifugation of a fresh urine sample wiU show the presence of a few cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and cells derived from the kidney and urinary tract), casts (composed predominantly of Tamm-HorsfaU glycoprotein [THG]), and possibly fat or pigmented particles. An increase in red cells or casts unplies hematuria, possibly caused by glomerular disease white cells or casts imply the presence of white cells in the tubules. Inflammation of the upper urinary tract may result in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and various types of casts, and in lower urinary tract inflammation the casts will not be present. In acute glomerulonephritis, hematuria may 

By means of gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy Wells et al. (1964) have identified galactitol in the urine of two infants with galactosemia. Excretion of galactitol continued for a prolonged period of time after dietary galactose had been removed. 

The diketopiperazine of histidylproline (CXIX) has been found in greatly increased amounts in the urines of patients with phenylketonuria who were being fed a low phenylalanine diet. Perry et al. (1965) identified the urinary product by its infrared spectroscopic, chromatographic, electrophoretic, and other chemical properties, e.g., products of hydrolysis. The markedly increased amounts of the product in the urine of phenylketonurics receiving a low phenylalanine diet apparently resulted from ingestion of the diketopiperazine of histidylproline in the low phenylalanine diet itself. 

---

Renal dysfunctions can be diagnosed by different methods, depending on the severity of the condition. Examination of urine, which is produced by the kidneys, provides an important indication of renal insufficiency. The urine output, color, odor, acidity, specific gravity, and constituents are important prognostic factors of kidney status. However, in critically ill patients and in acute renal failures induced by several diseases including multiple organ failures and diabetes, urine examination may be impractical and redundant. Such patients require reliable and simple methods to diagnose the onset of renal failure. 

Thus, in 1964, Clough and Rcah (C14) observed that over a three-year period 15 new cases of multiple myeloma had been detected in their Biochemistry Department, entirely by careful examination of urine and serum proteins. 

The following combination of tests could be useful for detecting renal dysfunction in occupationally exposed workers examination of urine with reagent strips for the presence of glucosuria and proteinuria and quantitative determination of at least two proteins, one of the high molecular weight for... 

However in concentrated urine, Bence Jones was found in 15 and halfmolecules in 3 others, leaving only 4 with no detected paraprotein in either serum or urine. The heavy-chain diseases also seem to be associated with soft-tissue plasmacytoma (see Section 7.6.5). The impression gained is that dedifferentiated immunoglobulin production (more Bence Jones, etc.) is commoner with extraosseous immunocytomata, and with more careful preoperative examination of urines such paraproteins may be found in most cases. 

We strongly recommend examination of urine immediately after collection using a microelectrode to determine pH, rather than using a dipstick. Also, for rodent urine, the Bradford method for assaying protein is preferable to biuret-based methodology (Cohen 1995). 

McPherson, R. A., Ben-Ezra, J., and Zhao, S. (2006). Basic examination of urine. In Henry s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods, 21st edition, McPherson, R. A., and Pincus,... 

Chemical examination of urine is just one aspect of urinalysis. 

Clinical and biochemical. Separation of amino acids and peptides is regularly carried out to aid in the investigation of protein structures. Routine examination of urine and other body fluids for amino acids and sugars (this is most important, as it can be used for diagnosis of a number of pathological conditions, with the standard map technique). Separation of purine bases and nucleotides in the examination of nucleic acids. Separation of steroids. 

In addition to musth state, chemical signals may include individual recognition or recognition of familiarity. Responders unfamiliar to the urine donor performed more olfactory and pre-flehmen responses than familiar responders. This was most dramatic in the subadult age class. Future research could examine how long this increased response is maintained before the responses decrease to the response frequencies observed to familiar urine. Fiulher examination of urine bioactivity could reveal any influence a male s own musth state has on his olfactory interest in musth urine from male conspecifics. The temporary increase in relative dominance acquired by a male in musth may alter a male s olfactory investigation of musth urine con ared to when he is not in musth. 

---