Electrophoresis electrokinetic capillary

CE was recently used for anthocyanin analysis because of its excellent resolution. This technique has different modes capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), capillary electrochromatography (CEC), capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEE), and capillary isotachophoresis (CITP)."° CZE is the most popular method for anthocyanin... 

Thormartn, W., Meier, R, Marcolli, C., and Binder, F., Analysis of barbiturates in human serum and urine by high-performance capillary electrophoresis-micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with on-column multiwavelength detection, /. Chromatogr., 545, 445, 1991. 

High-efficiency separations of FQ-labeled proteins are only achieved in the presence of an anionic surfactant, such as SDS. As a result, capillary isoelectric focusing is not useful for the analysis of these proteins. Instead, we employ capillary sieving electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography for our two-dimensional electrophoresis. 

A kit solutions for non-charged molecules based on micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis... 

Mallampati, S., Leonard, S., De Vulder, S., Hoogmartens, J., and Van Schepdael, A. (2005). Method development and validation for the analysis of didanosine using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Electrophoresis 26, 4079-4088. 

Bendahl, L., Hansen, S. H., and Gammelgaard, B. (2001). Capillary modified by noncovalent anionic polymer adsorption for the capillary zone electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography and capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 22, 2565-2573. 

After a short introduction into the relevance of Impurity profiling for regulatory authorities, public health, and the pharmaceutical industry, an overview is presented based on the various modes of capillary electrophoresis that have been used in drug impurity analysis. The applications of capillary zone electrophoresis, non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis, micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography, microemulsion electrokinetic capillary chromatography, capillary gel electrophoresis, and capillary electrochromatography are presented consecutively. 

Ackermans, M. T., Everaerts, F. M., and Beckers, J. L. (1992). Determination of aminoglycoside antibiotics in pharmaceuticals by capillary zone electrophoresis with indirect UV detection coupled with micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography.. Chromatogr. 606, 229—235. 

Altria, K. D., and Smith, N. W. (1991). Pharmaceutical analysis by capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. /. Chromatogr. 538, 506-509. 

Thomas, B. R., and Ghodbane, S. (1993). Evaluation of a mixed micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis method for validated pharmaceutical quality-control. /. Liq. Chromatogr. 16, 1983-2006. 

Kang, J. W., De Reymaeker, G., Van Schepdael, A., Roets, E., and Hoogmartens, J. (2001). Analysis of bacitracin by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with mixed micelle in acidic solution. Electrophoresis 22, 1356-1362. 

Wienen, R, and Holzgrabe, U. (2003). A new micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography method for separation of the components of the aminoglycoside antibiotics. Electrophoresis 24, 2948-2957. 

Trenerry, V. C., Robertson, J., and Wells, R. J. (1994). The determination of cocaine and related substances by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Electrophoresis 15, 103-108. 

Wiedmer, S. K., Jussila, M., and Riekkola, M. L. (1998). On-line partial filling micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry of corticosteroids. Electrophoresis 19, 1711—1718. 

E Szoekoe, J Gyimesi, Z Szakacs, M Tarnai. Equilibrium binding model of bile salt—mediated chiral micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Electrophoresis 20 2754-2760, 1999. 

SK Wiedmer, JM Holopainen, P Mustakangas, PKJ Kinnunen, M-L Riekkola. Liposomes as carriers in electrokinetic capillary chromatography. Electrophoresis 21 3191-3198, 2000. 

L Steinmann, J Caslavska, W Thormann. Feasibility study of a drug immunoassay based on micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection—determination of theophyllin in serum. Electrophoresis 16 1912-1916, 1995. 

Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC), in contrast to capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), is useful for the separation of neutral and partially charged species [266,267]. In MECC, a surfactant, usually sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), is added to the buffer solution above its critical micellar concentration to form micelles. Although SDS is certainly the most popular anionic surfactant in MECC, other surfactants such as bile salts have proved to be very effective in separating nonpolar analytes that could not be resolved using SDS [268]. 

The separation of phospholipids by micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis (MEKC) has been described (17-19). In this technique, solutes are separated based on their distribution between a mobile (usually aqueous) and a pseudostationary (micellar) phase. Szucs et al. found that the major soybean phospholipids were fully resolved in only 7 minutes using deox ycholic acid for micelle formation in combination with 30% n-propanol at 50°C (18). However, quantification of the separated compounds remains troublesome. This is due first of all to the fact that only UV detection can be used, thus making the response highly dependent on the degree of unsaturation of the phospholipids. Besides, the comparison of peak areas in MEKC is more complicated than in HPLC, because all compounds are moving with different velocities. 

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