Capillary Electrophoresis and Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography

Chiral Separations by Capillary Electrophoresis and Micellar Electrokinet Chromatography with Cyclodextrins... 

The last set of experiments provides examples of the application of capillary electrophoresis. These experiments encompass a variety of different types of samples and include examples of capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. 

For many applications, diode array detection has become routine. A photodiode array was used for simultaneous detection of 100 capillaries in zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC).1516 Deflection of a laser beam by acoustic waves was reported as a means to scan six capillary channels on a microchip.17 The design of a low-noise amperometric detector for capillary electrophoresis has been reported.18... 

Xue, G., Pang H.-M., and Yeung E.S., Multiplexed capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography with internal standardization, Anal. Chem. 71, 2642, 1999. 

Solinova V, Kasicka V, Koval D et al (2004) Analysis of synthetic derivatives of peptide hormones by capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography with ultraviolet-absorption and laser-induced fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B 808 75-82... 

SCHWAIGER, H., OEFNER, P.J., HUBER, C GRILL, E., BONN, G.K., Capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography of 4-aminobenzonitrile carbohydrate, Electrophoresis, 1994,15, 941-952. 

Dedicated applications of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) coupled to MS are discussed, particularly in the field of drug analysis. Development of other capillary-based electrodriven separation techniques such as non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) hyphenated with MS are also treated. The successful coupling of these electromigration schemes with MS detection provides an efficient and sensitive analytical tool for the separation, quantitation, and identification of numerous pharmaceutical, biological, therapeutic, and environmental compounds. 

Wright PB, Dorsey JG. Silver(I)-mediated separations by capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography argentation electrophoresis. Anal Chem 1996 68 415. 

The majority of enantioseparations are performed by pressure-driven liquid chromatography. However, in the last decade other liquid-phase separation techniques have evolved and demonstrated their usefulness for enantioseparations, including supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), capillary electrophoresis (CE), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), and open-tubular and packed-bed electrochromatography (OT-EC and CEC). 

Bempong, D.K., Honigberg, I.L., and Meltzer, N.M. (1993) Separation of 13-cis and all-trans retinoic acid and their photodegradation products using capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEC), J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 11, 829-833. 

Pumera, M., Flegel, M., LepSa, L., and Jelfnek, I., Chiral analysis of biogenic DL-amino acids deriva-tized by urethane-protected a-amino acid N-carboxyanhydride using capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography, Electrophoresis, 23, 2449, 2002. 

N.V. Komarova and L.A. Kartsova, Factors responsible for the electrophoretic behavior of carboxylic acid and triazine derivatives under conditions of capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography, J. Anal. Chem., 59, 662-668, 2004. 

M.J. Cugat, F. Borrull and M. Calull, Comparative study of capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the separation of twelve aromatic snlphonate compounds,... 

However, additives are normally combined to complement and promote their activity as a result, it is necessary to develop analytical methods for the determination of additive mixtures. Although some spectroscopic and chemical methods are used, it is preferable to use separation methods for this purpose. Most analytical methods used to determine food additives are based on chromatographic techniques, although several recent papers have demonstrated the usefulness of electrophoresis for the analysis of food colors, sweeteners, antioxidants, and/or preservatives. The separation of food colors has received most attention, with a number of articles published on both capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. 

Out of all the techniques named above, the gel capillary electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing have become most popular for separation of DNA and proteins. As biotechnology derived drugs become more prevalent, these techniques have become very important for the pharmaceutical industry. For the conventioneil pharmaceutical industry, the most frequently used techniques are free solution capillary electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. 

Li, G Fan, C. and Xing, C. (1997) Preliminary study on separation of three vitamins by capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography with amperometric electrochemical detection. Se Pu, 15, 65-66. 

CE was recently used for anthocyanin analysis because of its excellent resolution. This technique has different modes capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), capillary electrochromatography (CEC), capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEE), and capillary isotachophoresis (CITP)."° CZE is the most popular method for anthocyanin... 

Capillary electrophoresis is increasingly used in food analysis due to its separation performance combined with the short time of analysis. - CapiUary electrophoresis recently applied to colorant measurements includes technical variants such as capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography. ... 

High-efficiency separations of FQ-labeled proteins are only achieved in the presence of an anionic surfactant, such as SDS. As a result, capillary isoelectric focusing is not useful for the analysis of these proteins. Instead, we employ capillary sieving electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography for our two-dimensional electrophoresis. 

Subsequently four different CE modes are described in the sections Capillary Zone Electrophoresis, Capillary Gel Electrophoresis, Capillary Isoelectric Focussing, and Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography (MEKC), respectively. The fundamental principles of the specific separation modes are briefly explained, using appropriate equations where required. In Table 3 all equations are listed. In addition, the influence of both instrumental parameters and electrolytic solution parameters on the optimization of separations is described. 

Altria, K. D., and Smith, N. W. (1991). Pharmaceutical analysis by capillary zone electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography. /. Chromatogr. 538, 506-509. 

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