Electronics energy consumption

Many air conditioning systems use simple thermostats to cycle equipment however, more sophisticated control systems employing electronics and microprocessors can reduce energy consumption. 

If for example Ti02, is used to capture sunlight in a photo-catalytic reaction then only about 10% of the available spectrum will be of use, since it requires 3.2 eV to create an electron-hole pair in Ti02. Both the photovoltaic and the photochemical methods are of potential interest, but at present they are too expensive. Also, the production of semiconductors used in photovoltaic cells consumes much energy. Nevertheless, the prospect remains attractive. If cells could be made with an efficiency of say 10 % then only 0.1 % of the earths surface would be required to supply our present energy consumption ... 

Intelligent process control based on platinum temperature sensors and tailored electronics provides an effective method of improving both kitchen safety and the user friendliness of kitchen appliances, and also contributes to reducing energy consumption. 

In many electronic applications, e.g. vacuum tubes, an electron emitting cathode is an indispensable part of the device. For many such devices cold electron emission is favorable because of its lower energy consumption. 

In contrast to thermal electron-transfer processes, the back-electron transfer (BET) (kbet) in the PET is generally exergonic as well. The apparent contradiction can be resolved by the cyclic process excitation-electron transfer-back-electron transfer in which the excitation energy is consumed. The back-electron transfer is not the formal reverse reaction of the photoinduced-electron-transfer step and so not necessarily endergonic. This has different influences on PET reactions. On the one hand, BET is the reason for energy consumption and low quantum yields. On the other hand, it can cause more complex reaction mechanisms if the... 

Faster computers with bigger memory capabilities and smaller size and energy consumption are a must for further technological development. More complicated tasks can be handled with computer speed and memories doubling every 3 years and an increase in computers efficiency being accompanied by the shrinking of their sizes. One of the first electronic computers ENIAC occupied several rooms and weighted 30 tons [51], its counterparts in the seventies were of the size of a wardrobe while todays palmtops are more efficient than mainframes of the 1980-ties. However, this miniaturization process cannot... 

In addition, electrode reactions are frequently characterized by an irreversible, i.e., slow, electron transfer. Therefore, overpotentials have to be applied in preparative-scale electrolyses to a smaller or larger extent. This means not only a higher energy consumption but also a loss in selectivity as other functions within the molecule can already be attacked. In the case of indirect electrolyses, no overpotentials are encountered as long as reversible redox systems are used as mediators. It is very exciting that not only overpotentials can be eliminated but frequently redox catalysts can be applied with potentials which are 600 mV or in some cases even up to 1 Volt lower than the electrode potentials of the substrates. These so-called redox reactions opposite to the standard potential gradient can take place in two different ways. In the first place, a thermodynamically unfavorable electron-transfer equilibrium (Eq. (3)) may be followed by a fast and irreversible step (Eq. (4)) which will shift the electron-transfer equilibrium to the product side. In this case the reaction rate (Eq. (5)) is not only controlled by the equilibrium constant K, i.e., by the standard potential difference be-... 

Reverse osmosis performs a separation without a phase change. Thus, the energy requirements are low. Typical energy consumption is 6 to 7 kWh/m2 of product water in seawater desalination. Reverse osmosis, of course, is not only used in desalination, but also for producing high-pressure boiler feedwater, bacteria-free water, and ultrapure water for rinsing electronic components—because of its properties for rejecting colloidal matter, particle and bacteria. 

Exploiting arylethylenes as bearers of electron memory has the following advantages First, the compounds are commercially available and inexpensive. Second, they work for very long time. Finally, the information recorded can be transformed simply and with little energy consumption. In other words, the ion radical route to creating electron memory systems is fruitful. 

Proton transfer from the hydrogen peroxide molecule to His 74 is accompanied by O—H bond break and electron transfer to the oxygen atom. Then owing to the following O—H bond break and 0=0 bond formation this electron is transferred to the hydrogen atom with simultaneous hydride-ion transfer. The whole sequence of electron transfer in BRC is implemented without high-energy consumption. 

The first approach is to minimize energy consumption from the demand side. Integrating nano-electronics, nano-electromechanical systems, and nano-ma-terials, a series of novel devices will replace all those developed by TDBT [130-132]. Lighter yet stronger material, more energy efficient and with less internal friction, created via MNT, will automatically lead to less energy consumption. 

Figure 33. Scanning electron micrographs of the fracture surface of a 3D carbon/carbon composite (59) Fiber pullout causes increased energy consumption in fracture.

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