Electronic states technology

The current-voltage and luminance-voltage characteristics of a state of the art polymer LED [3] are shown in Figure 11-2. The luminance of this device is roughly 650 cd/m2 at 4 V and the luminous efficiency can reach 2 lm/W. This luminance is more than adequate for display purposes. For comparison, the luminance of the white display on a color cathode ray tube is about 500 cd/m2l5J. The luminous efficiency, 2 lm/W, is comparable to other emissive electronic display technologies [5], The device structure of this state of the art LED is similar to the first device although a modified polymer and different metallic contacts are used to improve the efficiency and stability of the diode. Reference [2] provides a review of the history of the development of polymer LEDs. 

Hoover, D. S., Lynn, S-Y, and Garg, D., Diamond Thin Film Applications in Electronics VzLckdLgxngf Solid State Technology, pp. 89-91(Feb. 1991)... 

In the past few years, the field of metal atom/metal cluster chemistry has taken an interesting turn out of the realm of the ground electronic state into the world of the excited state. This promises to be an intriguing new phase and one with considerable potential for new scientific discovery and technological development. 

The following case study contains examples of several topics discussed in previous sections, including some aspects of laser technology, laser spectroscopy and laser chemistry. A variety of lasers and laser techniques are applied in a straightforward manner to the problem of ascertaining structural and dynamical information on an excited electronic state of wide chemical interest. This information is obtained rather simply, illustrating the potential of laser techniques in the resolution of problems in solution chemistry. 

Therefore, in UFIV (p < 10 mbar) the monolayer formation time is of the order of minutes to hours or longer and thus of the same length of time as that needed for experiments and processes in vacuum. The practical requirements that arise have become particularly significant in solid-state physics, such as for the study of thin films or electron tube technology. A UFIV system is different from the usual high vacuum system for the following reasons ... 

The arhcle of Berejka covers the state of the art in electron beam technology, material technology, and product-forming technology as applied to structural carbon-fiber-reinforced polymeric composites. 

Thanks to advances in computer technology, a number of theoretical studies have been performed that shed light on structural and spectroscopic properties as well as on the reactivity of thiocarbonyl compounds both in the ground and in excited electronic states. 

Electronic nose technology relies on the use of solid-state sensors, which can either be chemoresistors, chemodiodes, or electrodes. Primary odors are... 

In the field of not only traditional metallurgy but also recently developed nano-technology, it is very interesting and important what change is introduced when it is surrounded by other atoms. Such a change in electronic states has been investigated as chemical shift detected by X-ray (XPS) and UV (UPS) photoemission spectroscopy [1] as well as X-ray emission and absorption spectroscopy [2,3]. Also, such a chemical shift has been simulated by theoretical calculation [4]. However, many problems have been unsolved. In the case of XPS and UPS, since the most outer layers of substances are analyzed, the spectra are easily affected by absorbed gaseous molecules. Also, with the X-ray emission and absorption spectroscopy it is difficult to analyze the complicated X-ray transition states for substances composed of heavy metal elements. Therefore, a complementary method has been demanded for the spectroscopy such as XPS, UPS and X-ray emission and absorption spectroscopy. The coefficient y of the electronic contribution to heat capacity, Cp, near absolute zero Kelvin reflects the density of states (DOS) in the vicinity of Fermi level (EF) [5]. Therefore, the measurement of y is expected to be one of the useful methods to clarify the electronic states of substances composed of heavy metal elements. 

Snatch-free CMP of Electronic Materials at Rensselaer - a Science-to-Engineering Approach," S. P. Murarka, presentation at the Solid State Technology Chemical Mechanical Planarization Seminar, March 31,1997, San Jose, CA. 

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