Electronic polymers electromechanical

Baughman, R.H., L.W. Shacklette, R.L. Elsembaumer, E. Plitcha, and C. Becht. 1990. Conducting polymer electromechanical actuator. In Conjugated polymer materials. Opportunities in electronics, optoelectronics and molecular electronics, eds. J.L. Bredas and R.R. Chance. Netherlands Kluwer Academic Publisher. 

R. H. Baughman, L. W. Shacklette, R. L. Elsenbaumer, E. Plichta, and C. Becht, Conducting polymer electromechanical actuators, in Conjugated Polymeric Materials Opportunities in Electronics, Optoelectronics and Molecular Electronics (J. L. Bredas and R. R. Chance, eds.). Kluwer. Boston, 1990, p. 559. 

Smart textiles is a new aspect in textile that is a multidiscipline field of research in many sciences and technologies such as textile, physics, chemistry, medicine, electronics, polymers, biotechnology, telecommunications, information technology, microelectronics, wearable computers, nanotechnology and micro-electromechanical machines. Shape memory materials (SMMs), conductive materials, phase change materials (PCMs), chromic materials, photonic fibers, mechanical responsive materials, intelligent coating/membranes, micro and nanomaterials and piezoelectric materials are applied in smart textiles [34]. 

So, the process for a polypyrrole film in a solution containing CP anions can be envisaged as stated above by Equation 16.1. The oxidized polymer is a gel and the electrons are transferred from, or toward, the metal in contact with the conducting polymer. The oxidized polymer [(PPy" )s(Cl ) (H20)m]gei is a nonstoichiometric compound the Cl content can be increased (or decreased) under control of anodic (or cathodic) charges (ne in Equation 16.1). The electrochemical equipment allows a continuous, reversible, and infinitesimal control of the oxidized material composition (a unique fact related to electromechanical actuators) by the flow of constant anodic or constant cathodic currents (constant charge per time unit), by reversing the direction of the current flow, or by the flow of infinitesimal charges, respectively. 

Baughman RH, Shacklette LW, Elsenbaumer RL, Plichta EJ, Becht C (1991) Micro electromechanical actuators based on conducting polymers. In Lazarev PI (ed) Molecular electronics. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 267-289... 

This chapter presents a brief overview on sensor and transducer applications of piezoelectric and electrostrictive polymers. Piezoelectric and electrostrictive polymers are smart electromechanical materials which have already found commercial applications in various transducer configurations. Novel applications may arise in the emerging fields of autonomous robots, electronic skin, and flexible energy generators. This chapter focuses on recent device demonstrations of piezoelectric and electrostrictive polymers in these novel fields of research to stimulate and to facilitate the exchange of ideas between disciplines. The applications considered include piezoelectric sensors for electronic skin, piezoelectric loudspeakers and transducers for mechanically flexible energy harvesters, as well as electrostrictive transducers for haptic feedback in displays. 

Fig. 10 (a) Scheme of the piezoelectric polymer-based insole pedometer. Rolled PVDF transducers are employed for electromechanical energy conversion. Pulses of one of the roUed transducers are used to count the steps with a 2 V low power electronic circuit, (b) Photograph of the developed prototype (Reprinted with permission (Ishida et al. 2013))... 

Figure 1 shows the schematic illustration of die formation of the ferroelectret from polymer foam and die scanning electron micrograph of the cross section of a cellular polypropylene (PP) ferroelectret film (Neugschwandtner et al. 2000). Since die typical shape of voids in ferroelectrets is fiat (e.g., cellidar PP ferroelectrets have lateral dimensions 10-100 pm and vertical dimensions of a few microns as shown in Fig. lb), the Young s modulus in thickness direction is much smaller ( 1 MPa) dian that in lateral direction ( 1 GPa). Due to the highly anisotropic nature of die microstructure and the properties of the ferroelectrets, the characterization of their mechanical and electromechanical properties requires specific techniques compared... 

CNTs are also widely used in actuators [168-171], The addition of CNTs to PANI fibers increased the electromechanical actuation because the CNTs improved the mechanical, electronic and electrochemical properties of the PANI fibers [172-174], Composites based on CNTs are studied for a variety of sensor applications [175-177], For example, polypyrrole or PANI deposited on single-walled CNT networks that can be used as solid state pH sensors [178], A DNA sensor was created fi om a composite of polypyrrole and CNTs fimctionalized with carboxylic groups to covalently immobilize DNA onto CNTs [179], In general, the presence of CNTs tends to increase the overall and selectivity of biosensors, The thermal transport properties of polymer composites can be improved with the addition of CNTs due to the excellent thermal conductivity of CNTs, Such composite are quite attractive for usages as printed circuit boards, connectors, thermal interface materials, heat sinks, lids, housings, etc, [92,180],... 

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