Electronic skins

Mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrography, electron skin resonance (ESR) spectrography, ultraviolet, infrared and visible... 

In the next century, planet earth will don an electronic skin. It will use the Internet as a... 

Gross N (1999) The earth will don an electronic skin, http //www.businessweek.com, BusinessWeek Online, 30 August 1999. (6 Jan 2012)... 

We let two electron-proton plasma populations (with a density difference of a factor of three) collide in the reference frame of the denser population. In this frame we continuously inject the less dense population with a bulk Lorentz factor, T = 15 in the -direction. The computational box consists of 125 x 125 x 2000 gridzones or 37 x 37 x 600Ag where Ae is the electron skin depth c/oje. Using 16 particles pr. cell this adds up to almost 109 particles. 

Figure 1. This figure shows the generation of ion current filaments. Here we see the jet head on. The four slices show the ion current density at different depths of the shock at a fixed time. The different depths are z= 60, 100, 120, 160 electron skin depths.

Moreover, it may also be possible in the next few years to develop electronic skin made entirely out of organic transistors. In particular the possibility of developing strain and pressure sensors that can simultaneously act as switches and as sensors, without the need of any further sensing element, will be an interesting possibility. Furthermore, flexible chemosensitive transistors, biosensors, and temperature sensors could be developed using the same technologies allowing new features for this application. 

Basic specifications for this application are rather similar to those listed for the electronic skin. In addition, these systems, being in contact with (or... 

Henry, T., 2009a. Electronic Skins for Mobile Devices that Change Color and Design. United States. Available from http //www.printedelectronicsworld.com/articles/electronic-skins-for-mobile-devices-that-change-color-and-design-00001455.asp. 

Owing to the rapid development of portable personal electronics, flexible electronics has attracted intense interests due to their application in varied fields, such as artificial electronic skin, roll-up displays, distributed... 

Uses Electronics skin protectant in cosmetics Manuf./Distrib. Aldrich http //www.sigma-aldrich.com, Atomergic Chemetals http //www.atomergic.com, Cerac http //www.cerac.com, Ferro/Transelco... 

For all-printed thin film transistors (TFT), various organic and inorganic metal electrode materials, such as conductive polymer, carbon nanotube (CNT), organic metal compound, or metal nano-particles, have been used as gate and source/drain electrodes [6-11] in a combination with inkjet- and laser-based printing methods. One of the immediate applications for all-printed TFT would be flexible or rugged display backplane and disposable radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. In addition, printed metal electrodes and TFT have also been used to fabricate passive circuit components, power transmission sheets and sensors for ambient electronics and electronic skin [12-13]. 

Tee, B. C. K., Wang, C., Allen, R. and Bao, Z. (2012) An electrically and mechanically self-healing composite with pressure- and flexion-sensitive properties for electronic skin applications. Nature Nanotechnology, 7,825-832. 

This chapter presents a brief overview on sensor and transducer applications of piezoelectric and electrostrictive polymers. Piezoelectric and electrostrictive polymers are smart electromechanical materials which have already found commercial applications in various transducer configurations. Novel applications may arise in the emerging fields of autonomous robots, electronic skin, and flexible energy generators. This chapter focuses on recent device demonstrations of piezoelectric and electrostrictive polymers in these novel fields of research to stimulate and to facilitate the exchange of ideas between disciplines. The applications considered include piezoelectric sensors for electronic skin, piezoelectric loudspeakers and transducers for mechanically flexible energy harvesters, as well as electrostrictive transducers for haptic feedback in displays. 

Piezoelectric sensors Flexible electronics Electronic Skin Haptic feedback Braille displays Energy harvesting... 

Human skin is a fascinating example of a large area sensory system, allowing us to sense temperature, humidity, touch, pressure, and vibration. Scientists are inspired by this natural model system and work on artificial electronic sensor surfaces (Lacour et al. 2005) that will ultimately enable robots with a sense of feeling (Chortos and Bao 2014 Hammock et al. 2013 Bauer et al. 2014). A full coverage of this topic is beyond the scope of this chapter, so here we focus on illustrating the huge potential for piezoelectric polymers in electronic skin development with two selected researeh examples. 

Hammock ML, Chortos A, Tee BC-K, Tok JB-H, Bao Z (2013) 25th anniversary article the evolution of electronic skin (E-skin) a brief history, design considerations, and recent progress. Adv Mater 25 5997-6038... 

Fig. 17 Electronic skin and its various components are compared to human skin and its sublayers. Reproduced with permission [164] from Copyrights (2012) The American Chemical Society...

This type of CPCs is desirable for applications in robot arm joints, wearable displays, health monitors, disease diagnostics and electronic skins. We take the electronic skin (E-skin) as an example. As E-skin, the material must have stretchability, flexibility, and dexterous electronic reaction. E-skin should be able to emulate the touch and pressure sensitivity of human skin [164, 165], as shown in Figs. 17 and 18. 

Sokolov AN, Tee BC, BettingCT CJ, Tok JB-H, Bao Z (2011) Chemical and engineering approaches to enable organic field-effect transistors for electronic skin applications. Acc Chem Res 45 361... 

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