Electromagnetic radiation safety

NMR is an incredibly versatile tool that can be used for a wide array of applications, including determination of molecular structure, monitoring of molecular dynamics, chemical analysis, and imaging. NMR has found broad application in the food science and food processing areas (Belton et al., 1993, 1995, 1999 Colquhoun and Goodfellow, 1994 Eads, 1999 Gil et al., 1996 Hills, 1998 O Brien, 1992 Schmidt et al., 1996 Webb et al., 1995, 2001). The ability of NMR to quantify food properties and their spatiotemporal variation in a nondestructive, noninvasive manner is especially useful. In turn, these properties can then be related to the safety, stability, and quality of a food (Eads, 1999). Because food materials are transparent to the radio frequency electromagnetic radiation required in an NMR experiment, NMR can be used to probe virtually any type of food sample, from liquids, such as beverages, oils, and broth, to semisolids, such as cheese, mayonnaise, and bread, to solids, such as flour, powdered drink mixes, and potato chips. 

Besides these functions, safety aspects are vital in developing these types of MRl compatible devices. One should avoid electric cables, metallic parts and prevention of bacteriologic and viral cross-patient contamination. One of the main advantages of optical fibre sensors is their immunity to electromagnetic radiations. 

The safety related equipment sensitive to electromagnetic radiation should first be identified. The equipment should be qualified by testing to show that it can withstand the electromagnetic environment in which it should work. Alternatively it should be shielded or moved from that environment. 

Hazards are caused by transmitter or antenna installations that generate electromagnetic radiation (EMR) in the vicinity of ordnance, personnel, or fueling operations in excess of established safe levels or that increase the existing levels to a hazardous level. System safety typically establishes safe distances from EMR antennas to prevent personnel injury, fuel ignition, and explosives initiation. 

RF radiation is EMR in the RF range of the EM spectrum. RF radiation is a primary hazard source in a system, and is therefore of concern to system safety. See Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) for additional related information. 

Safety should be of paramount concern with ary chemical reaction especially where the irradiation of samples with electromagnetic radiation is carried out. The reaction enhancement and rapid heating benefits also requires additional safety measures on... 

Berry et al. [54] employed guidelines for skin exposure to THz radiation (15 GHz to 115 THz) drawn from American National Standard for the Safe Use of Lasers (ANSI Z136.1) and from the IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (C95.1). They concluded that the maximum permissible average beam power was 3 mW, suggesting that typical THz imaging systems are safe. 

---