Electrolytes absorbed

The amount of ionic groups within the hydrated ion clusters is equal to lEC x/, where / is the fraction of ionic groups in the ion clusters. The volume of the ion cluster is given by x where is the volume of electrolyte absorbed by the membrane and /v is the fraction of electrolyte solution in the ion clusters. can be calculated from the electrolyte uptake of the membrane. The concentration of fixed ion (in terms of mol liter ) is thus given by... 

Normally, the C02 present in the atmosphere poisons the electrodes of alkaline fuel cells—one reason why transportation fuel cell developers have been concentrating on PEM-type fuel cells in the 1990s, since they are largely immune to the problem. Kordesch neatly solved that particular difficulty by installing a soda-lime air scrubber, which removed at least half of the air s C02 content of 0.03 percent. Additionally, his cell s alkaline (KOH) electrolyte absorbed some C02, reducing contamination even more. (Kordesch says the electrolyte could be easily changed when it had taken up too much C02.)... 

There is not any unambiguous dependence between the system capacity and corrosion rate of the substrate since generation of corrosion products can lead by itself to changes in the capacity [6]. The substrate-coating-electrolyte system capacity is considered an informative parameter for finding the volume of the electrolyte absorbed by the coating and determining its absorption mechanism. 

An important feature of ion-exchange membranes is their permeabihty to counterions and their impermeabihty to co-ions (ions with a charge like that of the fixed charge). But they are not perfectly impermeable to co-ions. As solvent penetrates ion-exchange material some co-ions penetrate the membrane as well, driven by the difference of chemical potentials of solution and membrane. To foUow the law of electric neutrality, an additional amount of counterions equivalent to the amount of co-ions must move into the ion-exchange membrane. This quantity of electrolyte absorbed by this mechanism may be estimated by the Dorman equation, which is based on the law of equity of chemical potentials in both hquid and soHd phases. In the case of an electrolyte in which both the an-... 

A schematic cell is shown in Figure 23.8. Since the KOH electrolyte absorbs CO2, it is necessary to use a pure H2 source, so a reformate cannot be used. On-board H2 storage causes no emissions and alkali doped carbon nanotubes have a high storage capacity. 

Another class of interesting materials for separator is composed of nonwoven films, textile products processed directly from fibers that are bonded together. The fibrous structure of nonwoven materials offers a high porosity, which is necessary for high electrolyte absorbance and low ionic resistance, excellent thermal properties, combined with cost competitiveness. However, the excessively large pore size and broad pore size distribution of conventional nonwovens, which may provoke... 

Rat-pasted plates (gelled electrolyte, electrolyte absorbed in septirator) spirally woimd electrodes tubular plates... 

LIBs use the Li" ion intercalation materials for both the cathode and anode, between which the Li" ions are shuttled across the electrolyte absorbed in the separator. Figure 2 depicts the potential and specific capacity of typical cathode and anode materials suitable for the LIBs [2]. In order to assemble the battery in discharged state, the cathode materials are lithiated transition metal oxides and the anode materials are carbons or compounds capable of intercalating Li" ions or alloying with metallic Li. Research focuses have been on the increase of the battery energy/ power density, reduction of material cost, and the improvement of battery safety, which are outlined below. 

The mercuric oxide-zinc cell for miniature applications is usually based on the familiar button construction using a compressed cathode of mercuric oxide and graphite (added for conductivity) in a plated steel can. The cell seal is supported by a cathode sleeve on top of which is placed a synthetic separator and an electrolyte absorbing pad the electrolyte is a solution of potassium hydroxide. The amalgamated zinc anode is added and the cell sealed with a polymeric gasket and a metal top cap. 

W, dg, and refer to the weight, density, and volume of the electrolyte absorbed by the membrane... 

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