Absorbed electrolytic

When a battery is designed with absorbed electrolyte, it is built with dry separators, fiUed with acid and formed (Fig. 3). Excess electrolyte may then be removed. 

Cathode may also contain acetylene/carbon black to absorb electrolyte... 

With the reference states defined earlier for the resin and solution phases, the activity coefficient ratio in the preceding equations should approach a constant value with increasing dilution of the external solution, and ultimately become unity with increasing dilution of both the resin and external phases. Intuitively, the latter condition would not be expected to hold since the reference state of infinite dilution for the exchanger is not compatible with the physical existence of a crosslinked ion exchanger. The observed result, which has been confirmed by a large number of researchers, is that the mean ionic activity coefficient of the absorbed electrolyte in the resin phase decreases with increasing dilution of the external electrolyte. 

During the intestinal phase, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are broken down and absorbed as described in the next section. Most nutrients, including vitamins and minerals, have been, absorbed by the time the food passes from the jejunum and ileum into the large bowel. In the large intestine, water is actively absorbed, electrolyte balance is regulated, and bacterial actions talce place. These processes result in the formation of feces. 

Figure 5. Cluster-network model for Nafion perfluorinated membranes. The polymeric ions and absorbed electrolyte phase separate from the fluorocarbon backbone into approximately spherical clusters connected by short, narrow channels. The polymeric charges are most likely embedded in the solution near the interface between the electrolyte and fluorocarbon backbone. This configuration minimizes both the hydrophobic interaction of water with the backbone and the electrostatic repulsion of proximate sulfonate groups. The dimensions shown were deduced from experiments. The shaded areas around the interface and inside a channel are the double layer regions from which the hydroxyl ions are excluded electrostatically.

Fig. 4. Capacitance—potential relationship at a mercury electrode for a nonspecific absorbing electrolyte where regions A and B represent inner layer anions...

Ferapontov et al. [136, 137] were the first to try non-functionalized hypercrosslinked polystyrene, along with ion-exchange resins, as column packing material in separations of rather concentrated mineral electrolyte solutions. They suggested that the neutral polymer absorbed electrolytes in different proportions, but in quantities comparable to those absorbed by ion exchanger. 

Recently, in our group, we evaluated the potentiality of a poly(iniide) (PI)/ organically-modified montmorillonite (O-MMT) nanocomposite membrane for the use in alkaline fuel cells [73]. Both X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy revealed a good dispersion of O-MMT into the PI matrix and preservation of the O-MMT layered structure. When compared to the pure PI, the addition of O-MMT improved thermal stability and markedly increased the capability of absorbing electrolyte and ionic conductivity of the composite. Based on these results, the PI/ O-MMT nanocomposite is a promising candidate for alkaline fuel cell appUcations. 

Two physical properties of separators, which are important to the operating characteristics of a battery, are electrolyte absorption and electrolyte retention. Any good separator should be able to absorb a significant amount of electrolyte and also. retain the absorbed electrolyte when the cell is in operation. These are more important in sealed cells where no free electrolyte is present A maximum amount of electrolyte in the separator is desirable to achieve minimum cell internal resistance. 

Inorganic ions are mainly UV-transparent, and most CE applications utilize indirect UV detection to quantify them. The key to this approach is the displacement of a highly absorbing electrolyte co-ion by the sample ions. Direct UV of these compounds requires a derivatization step using suitable cromo-phores prior to separation. 

UV-Vis absorbing electrolytes Creatinine, Imidazole, ephedrine, pyridine, copper sulfate, 4-aminopyridine, 4-methylbenzylamine, benzimidazole, p-toluidine, /V,/V -dimethylamine, malachite green, o-aniline, 1-(4-pyridyl)pyridinium All analytes Most universal and can be applied to many non-UV absorbing analytes If a suitable buffer system Is selected... 

In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with 3-methyl-thiophene films deposited on a germanium ATR crystal was described by Neugebauer et al. [936-938] as a chain structure with coupling of the monomer units in the a-a position and the presence of free charge carrier in the conducting form of the polymer. Whereas in situ infrared spectroscopy is hampered by the presence of a strongly absorbing electrolyte film in the electrode win-... 

Absorbed electrolyte A highly porous and absorbent mat, fabricated from microglass fibers, is partially filled with electrolyte, and acts as the separator/electrolyte reservoir. 

A comparison of gel designs with absorbed electrolyte designs in fork hft truck apph-cations was presented for one particular set of applications. However, new materials and designs are evolving and the comparisons should be ongoing. Much activity is being reported in the area of special fibers, blends, and surface treatments for the absorbing mat separators. 

Omasum The third compartment of the ruminant stomach consisting of a spherical organ containing various sized leaves that prevent undigested materials from leaving the rumen and entering the abomasum. It absorbs electrolytes from the bolus. 

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