Electrodes heat-treated

Both hard and soft carbons are used as negative electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Hard carbon is made by heat-treating organic polymer materials such as phenol resin. The heat-treatment tempera-... 

Electrodes of 2 x 2 cm2 geometric area were used in the experiments. In the case of platinum, a pretreatment by fast triangular potential scans (200-300 V/s between 0.05 V and 1.5 V RHE) followed by heating up to 900 K in a 3 x 10 6 mbar 02 atmosphere was carried out. Electrodes, pre-treated in this way, can be emersed with a thin liquid film, which can easily be evaporated in the vacuum chamber. The heat treatment drastically reduces contamination of the platinum electrode by carbon. The roughness factor is usually in the order of three. 

The quadrupole splitting of the heat treated FePc/XC-72 electrode measured ex situ, prior to the electrochemical experiments, was larger than that found in situ. Smaller values for A have been reported for certain ferric hydroxide gels and for small particles of FeOOH (Table II), and thus the effect associated with the immersion of the specimen in the electrolyte is most probably related to the incorporation of water into the oxide structure. For this reason, the material observed in situ at this potential will be referred to hereafter as FeOOH(hydrated), without implying any specific stoichiometry. 

The ex situ Mossbauer spectrum for the partially dried electrode yielded a doublet with 6 — 0.34 and A 0.70 mm-s l. A decrease in the value of A was found in the in situ spectra of the same electrode immersed in 4 M KOH at -0.3 V vs Hg/HgO,OH ( see Table III, and Curve a, Fig. 4 ), in direct analogy with the behavior observed for the heat treated FePc. It is thus conceivable that this material is the same as that found after the thermal decomposition of FePc dispersed on carbon and that reported by other workers, and that the variations in the value of A are simply due to differences in the degree of hydration of the lattice. 

Li, H. B., and Bashir, R. (2002). Dielectrophoretic separation and manipulation of live and heat-treated cells of Listeria on microfabricated devices with interdigitated electrodes. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 86, 215-221. 

The dye-sensitised solar cell (DSSC) is constructed as a sandwich of two conducting glass electrodes filled with a redox electrolyte. One of the electrodes is coated, using a colloidal preparation of monodispersed TiOj particles, to a depth of a few microns. The layer is heat treated to rednce resistivity and then soaked in a solution of the dye until a monomolecnlar dispersion of the dye on the TiO is obtained. The dye-coated electrode (photoanode) is then placed next to a connter electrode covered with a conducting oxide layer that has been platinised , in order to catalyse the reduction of the mediator. The gap between the two electrodes is filled with an electrolyte containing the mediator, an iodide/triodide conple in acetonitrile. The structure is shown schematically in Fignre 4.29. 

Glassy carbon Polished Heat-treated Wide solvent compatability, easily prepared Wide solvent compatability, easily prepared, fast kinetics Variable kinetics, background current Tedious renewal Probably the most common carbon electrode material 1,2... 

It has been established that special heat-treated treatment to surface of nanodispersed diamond effective for hydrogen electrode material creation. 

Keywords Hydrogen oxidation, oxygen reduction, nanodispersed diamond, surface, heat-treated treatment, hydrogen electrode, oxygen electrode. 

The development of diamond catalysts involved special two-stage treatment of the diamond nanopowder surface, the so-called modifications. Figure 1 gives the schematic of the reception of electrode materials. As is seen from the schematic, the hydrogen electrode was make from special heat-treated treatment in the hydrogen environment [6]. 

This two-stage heat-treated treatment has allowed us to produce an active layer on the diamond surface that catalyzes the hydrogen oxidation, to give efectifive catalists for hydrogen electrodes. 

The special heat-treated treatment in hydrogen environment has allowed us efectifive catalists for hydrogen electrodes. 

Fabrication procedure of gold nanodisk electrodes (NEEs) is schematically shown in Fig. 3.14 (Menon and Martin 1995 Pereira et al. 2006). Step I A piece of the Au/Au-PC/Au membrane is first affixed to a piece of adhesive aluminum foil tape (Fig. 3.14a). Step II A rectangular strip of a copper foil, with a conductive adhesive, is then affixed to the upper Au-coated surface of the Au/Au-PC/Au membrane (Fig. 3.14b). This Cu foil tape acts as a current collector and working electrode lead for the NEE. Step III The upper Au surface layer from the portion of the Au/Au-PC/Au membrane not covered by the Cu foil tape is then removed by simply applying and then removing a strip of Scotch tape. Removal of the Au surface layer exposes the disk-shaped ends of the Au nanowires within the pores of the membrane (Fig. 3.14c). These nanodisks will become the active electrode elements. Step IV The NEE assembly is heat treated at 150°C for 15 min. This produces a water-tight seal between the Au nanowires and the pore walls. Finally, strips of strapping tape are applied to the lower and upper surfaces of the assembly to insulate the Al and Cu foil tapes (Fig. 3.14d). 

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