Heated electrodes

Ko, Y. and R.W. Anderson, Electrode Heat Transfer During Spark Ignition. SAE, 892083,1989. 

For the analyst, which is superior - convection as caused by stirring or convection from electrode heating ... 

We will note how the shadow is in a state of continual movement. The patterns are caused by eddy currents around the heater as the air warms and then rises. After just a quick glance, it s clear that the movement of the warmed air is essentially random. By extension, we see that, as an electroanalytical tool, electrode heating is not a good form of convection, because of this randomness. Conversely, a hydrodynamic electrode gives a more precisely controlled flow of solution. In consequence, the rate of mass transport is both reproducible and predictable. 

Ito Y., Kaiya H., Yoshizawa S., Ratkje S.K., Fori and T., 1984. Electrode Heat balances of electrochemical cells. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 131(11), 2504-2509. 

Improved Solar Energy Conversion Efficiencies for the Photocatalytic Production of Hydrogen via TiCte Semiconductor Electrodes Heat treatment of Ti metal found to influence performance. 234... 

The technique introduced by Citti et al. and then by Rotenberg used a vertical electrode heated by a laser beam or by an infrared diode. In this case, the same order of magnitude is obtained for the free convection and the thermal convection, and experiments can be performed with a sufficient accuracy. A fast redox reaction at a heated vertical electrode is considered. The motion of the solution is spontaneous and arises due to forces originating from heterogeneous reactions. Such forces result from density variation in the solution produced by both thermal and concentration gradients near the electrode. 

The CVD reactor consists of a vitreous silica tube of about 20 cm in diameter (8") and a height of 30.5 cm (1 ft). The filament was made from tantalum wire with 0.5 mm diameter and attached to water-cooled copper electrodes. Heat treatment in a methane atmosphere produces a thin layer of tantalum carbide that protects the sample from contamination with metallic tantalum. A gas-leaking unit allows the introduction of various gases and their mixtures into the reaction chamber under controlled pressure. Before introducing or changing the gas the unit s internal pressure was reduced by a mechanical pump to about 0.1 Pa. 

Cathode Disconnect Ballast - An electromagnetic ballast that disconnects a lamp s electrode heating circuit once is has started often called "low frequency electronic" ballasts. 

Electroceramics with ac-tive functions Electric conductors Electron conductivity, temperature- and stress-dependent electrical resistance Electrodes, heating rods, varistors, igniters, thermistors, high-temperatuie superconductors... 

In all electrically (electrode) heated forehearths, it serves as a replacement for surface heating. 

Permselective memWane, chemical valve, affinity chromatography Thermostat, bimetal, pH control, functional electrode heat sensor, thermal actuator... 

The MINLP Model for Electrode Heating System Design... 

B8,2 The electrode should be properly cut and ground tapered by following the supplier s suggested procedures. Breaking or severing an electrode is not recommended since it may cause a jagged end or a bent electrode, which usually results in a poorly shaped arc and excessive electrode heating. 

Q. Xu, S. Kjelstrup, B.Hafskjold, (1998). Estimation of single electrode heats. Electrochim. 

Sputtering is an excellent method for producing photolithographic mask blanks and for fabricating integrated electrodes, heating elements, sensors and catalysts. Sputtering can also be used to deposit sacrificial layers for nanochannel fabrication or for channel surface treatment... 

Cuirent collector is an inert structure of high electrical conductivity that is used to conduct current to or from an electrode. Heat exchangers are devices that are used to transfer heat from one material, or phase, to another. Manifolds are Uat structures that have been bent. The function of the manifold is to direct, primarily, fluids around the cell. 

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