Electroconductive polymers applications

Some theoretical prerequisites for application of modified and expanded graphites, Si- and Sn-based composites and alloys, electroconducting polymers as active materials, catalysts and electro-conductive additives for lithium - ion batteries, metal-air batteries and electrochemical capacitors are considered. The models and the main concepts of battery-related use for such materials are proposed. 

The work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia under the research projects Deposition of ultrafine powders of metals and alloys and nanostructured surfaces by electrochemical techniques (No. 142032G) and Modification of metal and nonmetal materials by electroconductive polymer for application in new technologies (No. 142044). 

The heterocycles (13) and (14a) (Table 2) find much application in electrochemical polymerization to prepare electroconductive polymers <89TL1655>. The conductive complexes (239), named 2,6-bis(dicyanomethylene)-2,6-dihydrodithieno[3,2-h 2, 3 -d]thiophene, have been described as potential electron acceptors <89BCJ1547>. 

Heterocycle-based electroconductive polymers , Berlin, A., Plastic Eng. (N.Y.) (Electrical and Optical Polymer Systems), 1998, 45, 47 Heterocycle-based electric conductors , Pagani, G. A., Heterocycles, 1994, 37, 2069 Conjugated poly(thiophenes) synthesis, functionalisation and applications , Roncali, J., Chem. Rev., 1992, 92, 711. 

Guiseppi-Elie, A., and A.M. Wilson. 1995. Electroconductive polymer thin films with internal bioactive moieties for biosensor applications. Proc Am Chem Soc Div Polym Mater Sci Eng 72 404. 

Pyrrole-2-carbonitriles are reactive carriers of the pyrrole nucleus, which can find application in synthesis of rare pyrrole structures. For example, the reaction of pyrrole-2-carbonitrile with hydrazine hydrate leads to 3,6-di(pyrrol-2-yl)-l,2,4,5-tetrazine and 3,5-di(pyrrol-2-yl)-4-amino-l,2,4-triazole (Scheme 2.164, Table 2.15), promising monomers for the design of electroconductive polymers. 

The sulfur nitrides have been the subject of several reviews (206—208). Although no commercial applications have as yet been developed for these compounds, some interest was stimulated by the discovery that polythiazyl, a polymeric sulfur nitride, (SN), with metallic luster, is electroconductive (see Inorganic high polymers) (208,209). Other sulfur nitrides are unstable. Tetrasulfur nitride is explosive and shock-sensitive. 

Conducting polymers exhibit not only electroconductivity but also unique optical and chemical properties [10]. The diversity of properties exhibited by conducting polymers offers these materials to be used in numerous technological applications. Generally, the properties of polymers originate from their chemical (molecular) and physical (morphological) structures. Therefore, it follows that the structures of... 

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