Electrochemical tests drawbacks

Immersion tests provide no information about reaction mechanisms and often they require relatively long exposure times. Electrochemical tests do not have these drawbacks and they are therefore widely used in practice. In the following electrochemical polarization methods are presented that provide information on the rate of uniform corrosion under conditions where the rate is controlled by charge-transfer. Other electrochemical test methods will be presented in subsequent chapters. 

These drawbacks could be certainly avoided by performing in situ deposition. The sole attempt in this direction was made by Torsi [395], who set up an apparatus which permitted both in situ electrochemical preconcentration of the analyte from a flowing solution and almost complete suppression of matrix effects because the matrix could be removed by suitable washing. The feasibility of this approach was successfully tested with respect to lead determinations... 

Corn seedling NR has also been studied by mediated electrochemistry. MV was the artificial electron donor and the enzyme was dispersed in a Nafion film cast on a glassy carbon electrode. The electrode was tested with other mediators as well that had previously shown activity in a scaled-up electrochemical nitrate reducing bioreactor including azure A, safranin T, neutral red, bromophenol blue and cibacron blue. MV was the superior reductant and the biosensor was optimized with this mediator to show a low detection limit of 3.0 pM for the determination of nitrate in fertilizers and drinking-water samples. One of the main drawbacks of the biosensor was stability and activity was lost within two days. 

The main drawback to electrochemical machining lies in the need to design a tool (cathode) for each new job. Moreover the design process to obtain the correct current density distribution remains a skilled art rather than a science it is often necessary to test the tool and to modify it by trial and error. In addition the need to use large volumes of electrolyte solutions does not fit in well to a mechanical workshop. However carefully they are handled, they lead to corrosion in the environment. 

The techniques that are currently used by most laboratories to measure cyt c release include ELISA, Western blot, and flow cytometry (Kim et al., 2007 Ott et al., 2002 Christensen et ah, 2013 Adachi et al., 2004). Despite providing high sensitivity and selectivity, these traditional analytical methods stiU have some drawbacks, such as time-consuming, sophisticated, expensive equipment, limitations in colored sample analysis, and the demand for skilled professionals. To minimize limitations imposed by traditional methods, electrochemical biosensors/immunosensors combined with the high specificity of conventional methods also present several advantages including the possibility of point-of-care testing development. 

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