Electrochemical sensors for

Moreover, disposable electrochemical sensors for the detection of a specific sequence of DNA were realised by immobilising synthetic single-stranded oligonucleotides onto a graphite or a gold screen-printed electrode. Tire probes became hybridised with different concentrations of complementary sequences present in the sample. 

We developed a sensor for determination of content of phosphorars in metallurgical melts. In quality of ion conductor used orthophosphate of calcium which pressed in tablets 010 mm. Tablets (mass 1-2 g) annealed at a temperature 400°C during 7-10 h. Tablets melts then in a quartz tube and placed the alloy of iron containing 1 mass % P. Control of sensor lead on Fe - P melts. Information on activities (effective concentration) of phosphorars in Fe - P melts was received. It is set that the isotherm of activity of phosphorars shows negative deviations from the Raouls law. Comparison them with reliable literary inforiuation showed that they agree between itself. Thus, reliable data on activities (effective concentration) of phosphorars in metallic melts it is possible to received by created electrochemical sensor for express determination. 

Electrochemical Sensors for Nitrite and Nitric Oxide Determination 492... 

The first interest in the electroreduction of N02 or NO catalyzed by metal complexes is to model the activity of nitrite reductase enzymes.327 There is also an extensive growth in studies related to the development of metal complex-based electrochemical sensors for NO determination in biological and environmental samples 328 329 Nitrate disproportionates to nitric oxide and nitrate in aqueous solution. 

Chitosan-clay bio-nanocomposites are very stable materials without significant desorption of the biopolymer when they are treated with aqueous salt solutions for long periods of time. In this way, they act as active phases of electrochemical sensors for detection of ions (Figure 1.8). The particular nanostructuration of the biopolymer in the interlayer region drives the selective uptake of monovalent versus polyvalent anions, which has been applied in electrode arrays of electronic tongues [132]. 

A. Shvarev and E. Bakker, Response characteristics of a reversible electrochemical sensor for the polyion protamine. Anal. Chem, 77, 5221—5228 (2005). 

C.J. McNeil, K.R. Greenough, P.A. Weeks, and C.H. Self, Electrochemical sensors for direct reagentless measurement of superoxide production by human neutrophils. Free Rad. Res. Comm. 17, 399-406 (1992). 

Electrochemical sensors for the determination of hydrogen sulfide production in biological samples... 

Electrochemical Sensors for the Determination of Hydrogen Sulfide Production in Biological Samples... 

T. Garcia, E. Casero, E. Lorenzo, and F. Pariente, Electrochemical sensor for sulfite determination based on iron hexacyanoferrate film modified electrodes. Sens. Actuators B chem. 106, 803 (2005). 

Even if few systems are proposed for inorganic compounds (with regard to the number of potential pollutants), instruments or sensors for parameters used for treatment process control are available UV systems for residual chlorine in deodorization, electrochemical sensors for dissolved oxygen (with nowadays a luminescent dissolved-oxygen probe utilizing a sensor coated with a luminescent material) and a colorimetric technique for residual ozone. 

The concept of thin films of a molecularly imprinted sol-gel polymer with specific binding sites for a target analyte is general and can be applied also to electrochemical sensors. For example, a sensor to detect parathion in aqueous solutions is based on films cast on glass substrates and on glassy carbon electrodes (Figure 6.14).12... 

The electrochemical properties of ferrocene have been utilized by many workers in the field of electrochemical molecular recognition. Saji (1986) showed that the previously synthesized (Biernat and Wilczewski, 1980) ferrocene crown ether molecule (Fig. 3 [1]), whose binding properties had previously been studied only by nmr and UV/Vis techniques (Akabori et al., 1983), could be used as an electrochemical sensor for alkali metal cations involving a combination of through-space and through-bond interactions. 

The octamethyl-1,1 -di (2 -pyridyl [ferrocene, redox-active Kgand was used as an electrochemical sensor for Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions in acetonitrile [380]. 

Chow et al. have described [407] the electrochemical sensor for cadmium ions with gold electrode modified by 3-mercap-topropionic acid followed by covalently coupling the cadmium selective hexapep-tide His-Ser-Gln-Lys-Val-Phe. 

E. Palecek, F. Jelen, Electrochemistry of nucleic acids, in E. Palecek, F. Scheller, J. Wang (Eds.), Electrochemistry of nucleic acids and proteins. Towards electrochemical sensors for genomics and proteomics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005, p. 74. 

We further addressed the use of the nucleic acids as biopolymers for the formation of supramolecular structures that enable the electronic or electrochemical detection of DNA. Specifically, we discussed the use of aptamer/low-molecular-weight molecules or aptamer/protein supramolecular complexes for the electrical analysis of the guest substrates in these complexes. Also, nucleic acid-NPs hybrid systems hold a great promise as sensing matrices for the electrical detection of DNA in composite three-dimensional assemblies. While sensitive and selective electrochemical sensors for DNA were fabricated, the integration of these sensor configurations in array formats (DNA chips) for the multiplexed analysis of many DNAs can also be envisaged. 

E. Chow, Peptide-Modified Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Heavy Metal Ions, Vol, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2006. 

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