Electrochemical capacitors solid electrolytes

Gao, H., Q. Tian, and K. Lian. 2010. Polyvinyl alcohol-heteropoly acid polymer electrolytes and their applications in electrochemical capacitors. Solid State Ionics 181 874-876. 

Hong MS, Lee SH, Kim SW. Use of KC1 aqueous electrolyte for 2 V manganese oxide/activated carbon hybrid capacitor. Electrochemical and solid state letters 2002 5(10) A227-A230. 

W. Haas, Silicon dioxide as dielectric in solid electrolyte capacitors, J. Electrochem. Soc. 109, 109, 1962. 

A. Yoshizawa, M. Takeda, Y. Oura, Y. Takemoto and K. Naoi, Low-molecular-weight soluble polyaniline for electrolytic capacitor, Electrochemistry, 1999, 67, 45 H. Yamamoto, K. Kanemoto, M. Oshima and I. Isa, Self-healing characteristics of solid electrolytic capacitor with polypyrrole electrolyte, Electrochemistry, 1999, 67, 855 M. Mastragostino, R. Paraventi and A. Zanelli, Supercapacitors based on composite polymer electrodes, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2000,147, 3167. 

Porous-electrode theory has been used to describe a variety of electrochemical devices including fuel cells, batteries, separation devices, and electrochemical capacitors. In many of these systems, the electrode contains a single solid phase and a single fluid phase. Newman and Tiedemann reviewed the behavior of these flooded porous electrodes [23]. Many fuel-cell electrodes, however, contain more than one fluid phase, which introduces additional complications. Typical fuel cell catalyst layers, for example, contain both an electrolytic phase and a gas phase in addition to the solid electronically conducting phase. An earher review of gas-diffusion electrodes for fuel cells is provided by Bockris and Srinivasan [24]. 

Yokoyama, Y., N. Shimosaka, H. Matsumoto, M. Yoshio, and T. Ishiharaa. 2008. Effects of supporting electrolyte on the storage capacity of hybrid capacitors using graphitic and activated carbon. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 11 A72-A75. 

Largeot, C., P. L. Taberna, Y. Gogotsi, and P. Simon. 2011. Microporous carbon-based electrical double layer capacitor operating at high temperature in ionic liquid electrolyte. Electrochemical and Solid-State letters 14 A174-A176. 

Ue, M., M. Takeda, T. Takahashi, and M. Takehara. 2002. Ionic liquids with low melting points and their application to double-layer capacitor electrolytes. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 5 A119-A121. 

Shimamoto, K., K. Tadanaga, and M. Tatsumisago. 2014. All-solid-state electrochemical capacitors using MnOj electrode/Si02-Nafion electrolyte composite prepared by the sol-gel process. Journal of Power Sources 248 396-399. 

Gao, H., and K. Lian. 2011. High rate all-solid electrochemical capacitors using proton conducting polymer electrolytes. Journal of Power Sources 196 8855-8857. 

Ramasamy, C., J. Palma, and M. Anderson. 2014. A 3-V electrochemical capacitor study based on a magnesium polymer gel electrolyte by three different carbon materials. Journal of Solid SttUe Electrochemistry 18 2903-2911. 

Ketabi, S., and K. Lian. 2013. Effect of Si02 on conductivity and structural properties of PEO-EMIHSO4 polymer electrolyte and enabled solid electrochemical capacitors. Electro chimica Acta 103 174-178. 

Pandey, G. P., A. C. Rastogi, and C. R. Westgate. 2013. Polyacrylonitrile and 1-ethyl-3-methyliniidazolium thiocyanate based gel polymer electrolyte for solid-state supercapacitors with graphene electrodes. Electrochemical Capacitors 50 145-151. 

Lian, K., and C. M. Li. 2008. Heteropoly acid electrolytes for double-layer capacitors and pseudocapacitors. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters 11 A158-A162. 

Lian, K., and Q. Tian. 2010. Solid asymmetric electrochemical capacitors using protonconducting polymer electrolytes. Electrochemistry Communications 12 517-519. 

S. Sevastyanov, and A. Popov, J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 145(2), 225 (1983) B. E. Conway, The Solid-Electrolyte Interface, Nato Conf. Ser., Ser. 6(5), 497 (1983) G. A. Martynov and R. R. Salem, Electronic Capacitor at a Metal/Electrolyte Interface, Elektrokhimiya 19, 1060-1070 (1983) and G. A. Martynov and R. R. Salem, Lecture Notes in Chemistry, Vol. 33 Electrical Double Layer at a Metal-Dilute Electrolyte Solution Interface, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1983) also B. W. Ninham, Surface Forces— The Last 30 Angstrom, Pure Appl. Chem. 53, 2135-2147 (1981). 

S. Sarangapani, J.A. Kosek, and A.B. LaConti, Proton Conducting Electrochemical Capacitors with Solid Polymer Electrolyte. In M.Z.A. Munshi (ed.), Handbook-Solid State Batteries and Capacitors, World Scientific, Singapore (1995), p. 601. 

Matsuda Y, Morita M, Ishikawa M, Diara M (1993) New electric double-layer capacitors using polymer solid electrolytes containing tetraalkylammonium salts J Electrochem Soc 140 L109-L110 Ishikwa M, Morita M, Ihara M, Matsuda Y (1994) Electric double-layer capacitor composed of activated carbon fiber cloth electrodes and solid polymer electrolytes containing aUcylammonium salts ibid 1730-1734... 

Due to no leakage and no freezing of electrolyte solutions and thirmess and compactness of batteries, aU-solid-state batteries with proton- or hydroxide-conductive soUd electrolytes have been developed. However, they are not practically used yet. The most serious issue was that the solid electrolytes had much lower electrical conductivity than alkaline electrol)de solutirms. Since the second half of 1990s, new tyqres of solid electrolytes, hydrogel electrolytes, have been developed by various research groups and applied to aU-soUd-state electrochemical devices like batteries and capacitors. In this section, the hydrogel electrolytes can be put into five categories. 

An electrochemical device consists of two electrodes with an electrolyte between them. The electrolyte can be a solid or a solution. Solid state electrolytes serve two functions. They conduct ions and separate the positive electrode from the negative electrode. For liquid state electrolytes such as electrolyte solutions, an inert porous separator sheet allows the ions to pass through, creating a conducting current. The structure of an electrochemical capacitor is very similar to that of an electrochemical cell but there is no electron transfer across the interface. 

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