Electroanalysis, polymer-modified electrodes

This chapter describes progress in the application of polymer-modified electrodes (PMEs) to voltammetric chemical sensing. Several excellent reviews on the general preparation, properties, theory, and applications of modified electrodes have appeared over the past decade. Literature surveys and reviews of advances in the field of chemical sensors and electroanalysis " are also available. The area of polymeric potentiometric electrodes and the vast research field of biosensors are not dealt with in this chapter, which introduces the reader to selected representative examples of the diverse modification strategies available for prepar-... 

Lupu, S., A. Mucci, L. Pigani, R. Seeber, and C. Zanardi. 2002. Polythiopbene derivative conducting polymer modified electrodes and microelectrodes for determination of ascorbic acid. Effect of possible interferents. Electroanalysis 14 519-525. 

A wide range of successful applications of polymer-modified electrodes [7,8] to electroanalysis [8], electrocatalysis [5,9-11], photoelectrochemistry [12], and solar energy conversion [13,14] have given impetus to develop these kinds of modified electrodes. A polymer film confining functional molecules is one of the most attractive new nanodevice design materials. The under-... 

Cervini, P. and E.T.G. Cavalheiro, Strategies for Preparation of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Modified Electrodes and Their Application in Electroanalysis A Review. Anal. Lett, 2012. 45 p. 297-313. 

Rahman MA, Park DS, Won MS, Park SM, Shim YB (2004) Selective electrochemical analysis of various metal ions at an EDTA bonded conducting polymer modified electrode. Electroanalysis 16 1366-1370... 

Collyer SD, Butler AJ, Higson SPJ (1997) The electrochemical determination of N-nitrosamines at polymer modified electrodes via an adsorptive stripping voltammetric regime. Electroanalysis 9 985-989... 

Domenech A, Domenech-Carbo MT, Moya M, Gimeno JV, Bosch F (2000) Voltammetric identification of lead (11) and (IV) in mediaeval glazes in abrasion-modified carbon paste and polymer film electrodes. Apphcation to the study of alterations in archaelogical ceramic. Electroanalysis 12 120-127. 

N. Kirsch, K.C. Honeychurch, J.P. Hart and M.J. Whitcombe, Voltammetric determination of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene using molecularly imprinted polymer-modified screen-printed carbon electrodes, Electroanalysis, 17 (2005) 571-578. 

Cai, H., Xu, Y, He, P.-G., and Fang, Y.-Z. (2003). Indicator free DNA hybridization detection by impedance measurement based on the DNA-doped conducting polymer film formed on the carbon nanotube modified electrode. Electroanalysis, 15, pp. 1864-1870. 

Revin SB, John SA. Selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor for 1-methionine at physiological ph using functionalized triazole polymer film modified electrode. Electroanalysis 2012 24(6) 1277-83. 

The reality is that surface electrode modification is needed to make the ultramicroelectrode material selective for NO. Therefore, the design of modified electrode surfaces using organized layers is very attractive and provides the ideal strategy. In the general case, the chemical modification of electrode surfaces with polyelectrolytes and metal complex-based polymer films has expanded the scope of appUcation of such designed electrodes and provided a lot of options for then-use in various experimental conditions. In addition to their electrocatalytic applications, such electrodes showed a great promise for electroanalysis. As far as this aspect is concerned, substantial improvements in selectivity, sensitivity, versatiUty and reproducibility can be achieved. 

D Souza, R, Y.-Ying Hsieh, H. Wickman, and W. Kutner (1997). /S-cyclodexttin and carboxymethylated /S-cyclodextrin polymer film modified electrodes, hosting cobalt porphyrins, as sensors for electrocatalytic determination of oxygen dissolved in solution. Electroanalysis 9(14), 1093-1101. 

He has carried out research in the fields of modified electrodes, polymer film electrodes, conducting polymers, electroanalysis, electrosorption, electrochemical... 

Patel, A.K. Sharma, P.S. Prasad, B.B. Development of a creatinine sensor based on a molecularly imprinted polymer-modified sol-gel film on graphite electrode. Electroanalysis 2008, 20 (19), 2102 2112. 

Del Moral, P. Diez, M.T. Resines, J.A. Bravo, I.G. An n, M.J. Simultaneous measurements of creatinine and purine derivatives in ruminant s urine using ion-pair HPLC. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Rel. Technol. 2003, 26 (17), 2961 2968. Patel, A.K. Sharma, P.S. Prasad, B.B. Development of a creatinine sensor based on a molecularly imprinted polymer-modified sol-gel film on graphite electrode. Electroanalysis 2008, 20 (19), 2102-2112. 

What does the future hold for modified electrodes Three major areas of electrochemistry will continue to make use of modified electrodes. First, specialized microstructures can be prepared to gain increased understanding of electron transfer in solutions and polymers, along surfaces, and in biological systems. Second, electroanalysis will benefit as devices are created for detection of minute amounts of species in various environments in the field and at the outflow of miniaturized devices used for separations. ... 

Garcia, C.D. and Ortiz, P.I. (1998) Determination of ferf-butylhydroxytolueneby flow injection analysis at polymer modified glassy carbon electrodes. Electroanalysis, 10 (12), 832-835. 

H.T. Wang, H.M. Zhao, X. Quan and S. Chen, Electrochemical determination of tetracy-chne using molecularly imprinted polymer modified carbon nanotube-gold nanoparticles electrode. Electroanalysis, 23 (8) 1863-1869, 2011. 

M. Soleimani, M.G. Afshar, A. Shafaat and G.A. Crespo, High-selective tramadol sensor based on modified molecularly imprinted polymer-carbon paste electrode with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Electroanalysis, 25 (5) 1159-1168,2013. 

M.A. Aziz, K. Jo, J. Lee, M.R.H. Akanda, D. Sung, S. Jon, H. Yang, An amphiphilic polymer- and carbon nanotube-modified indium tin oxide electrode for sensitive electrochemical DNA detection with low nonspecific binding. Electroanalysis 22 (2010) 2615-2619. 

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