Electro-optic properties and

E-ct-phenylcinnamic acid, 6 edges, 281 EDX, 168 EDX analyses, 315 EELS, 223 eggshell, 277 eggshell repartition, 257 electrical conductivity, 8 electro-optical properties and quantum confinement,... 

Fujisawa, T., Ogawa, H., and Maruyama, K., Electro-optic properties and multiplexibility for polymer network liquid crystal displays (PN-LCD), Jpn. Displ., 690, 1989. 

After investigating the cause, the polarizer manufacturer found that the broadband XIA plate selected one polarization orientation to pass the filter, but also reflected the oppositely circular polarized light and sent it back through the polarizer. Because the polarizer manufacturer could markedly decrease the amount of reflected light, the phase plates could, after all, be used for LCD inspection. It may be said that there would be no practical setup to measure the electro-optical properties, and thus a market opportunity, of the transflective- or reflective-type LCDs if the reverse circular polarizing plate had not been developed. 

Friedel G (1922) The mesomorphic states of matter. Ann Phys 18 273 74 Fuh AYG, Tsai MS, Huang LJ, Liu TC (1999) Optically switchable gratings based on polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films doped with a guest-host dye. Appl Phys Lett 74 2572-2574 Han JW (2000) Effects of composition, curing-time, and temperature on the electro-optical characteristics of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films. J Korean Phys Soc 36 156-163 Han JW (2002) Effect of the nematic-isotropic phase transition on the electro-optical characteristics of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films. J Korean Phys Soc 40 849-855 Im SJ, Jin YW, Sung JH, Park WY, Sakong DS (1995) A study of electro-optical property and VHR of PDLC depending on the molecular structure of monomer and preparation process. Synth Met 71 2203-2204... 

Barium sodium niobium oxide [12323-03-4] Ba2NaNb 02, finds appHcation for its dielectric, pie2oelectric, nonlinear crystal and electro-optic properties (35,36). It has been used in conjunction with lasers for second harmonic generation and frequency doubling. The crystalline material can be grown at high temperature, mp ca 1450°C (37). 

Experiments on transport, injection, electroluminescence, and fluorescence probe the spatial correlation within the film, therefore we expect that their response will be sensitive to the self-affinity of the film. This approach, which we proved useful in the analysis of AFM data of conjugated molecular thin films grown in high vacuum, has never been applied to optical and electrical techniques on these systems and might be an interesting route to explore. We have started to assess the influence of different spatial correlations in thin films on the optical and the electro-optical properties, as it will be described in the next section. 

An LCD is a ubiquitous electronic display. Now, it is widely distributed among human daily life, like mobile phones, TV, and personal computers. The LCD has, however, a drawback, i.e., slower response than a plasma display or an electroluminescene display. Recently we have first succeeded in combination of a nanoparticle technology with the LCD technology, which realized fast response of the LCD [45,235,236]. Thus we have found a phenomenon, i.e., a frequency modulation of the LCD doped with metallic nanoparticles. Since the frequency modulation, or electro-optic property depends on the kind of metals, we have prepared AgPd bimetallic nanoparticles protected with a typical liquid crystal molecule, 4-cyano-4 -pentylbiphenyl (5CB) to investigate the electro-optic property [45,235,236]. 

Fluorescent nanotubes of polyethyleneimine (PEI) and 3,4,9,10-perylenetetra-carboxylicdianhydride (PTCDA) have been prepared through the alternating deposition of polymers and small functional molecules that form covalent bonds (Figure 7.10) [ 120]. The nanotube synthesis starts with the deposition of P EI in the pores of an AAO membrane as the first layer. The PTCDA solutionis then used to bind to the PEI via covalent bonding (Figure 7.10). The electro-optical properties of the small molecule (PTCDA) are retained in the multilayer films of PEI/PTCDA. The prepared nanotubes retain their fluorescent properties for up to 10 months without... 

Commonly used material classes are the III-V compounds (especially when dynamic or active functions are needed), LiNbCh (because of its electro-optical properties), the indiffused glasses, the SiON-materials, the polymers and materials obtained from sol-gel technology. Last three will be treated in other chapters of this book. As an example we show the cross section of a simple channel structure based on SiON technology in Figure 6. 

Liquid crystals (LCs) have been the focus of considerable research for many years and have been developed for use in a wide array of applications. Recently, the development and application of polymer/LC composites has become an area of great interest in LC research. Introducing polymers in LC systems increases the inherent mechanical strength and may dramatically change the LC phase behavior and electro-optic properties (7). Conversely, the directional ordering present in liquid crystals forms a fascinating media in which to study polymerizations (2). 

Phase Behavior and Electro-optic Properties. With the great potential of PSFLCs, it is important to understand the changes induced by the polymer network on the FLC properties. In order to do so, two different non-mesogenic monomers, HDDA and PPDA, have been used. The structure of these monomers is quite similar (See Figure 1) with the only difference being that the phenyl group in PPDA is replaced with a six carbon alkyl chain for HDDA. These monomers, despite their structural similarity, have much different physical properties and consequently the polymers formed from HDDA and PPDA may also influence the FLC phase and electro-optic behavior differently. 

Although phase behavior is comparable for both HDDA and PPDA monomer mixtures, the electro-optic properties may behave quite differently. It has been shown previously that the polymer can considerably change PSFLC properties (1,34), but these changes are not the same for all polymers. To investigate the effects... 

The introduction of a polymer network into an FLC dramatically changes phase and electro-optic behavior. Upon addition of monomer to the FLC, the phase transitions decrease and after polymerization return to values close to that observed in the neat FLC. The phase behavior is similar for the amorphous monomers, HDD A and PPDA. The electro-optic properties, on the other hand, are highly dependent on the monomer used to form the polymer/FLC composite. The ferroelectric polarization decreases for both HDDA and PPDA/FLC systems, but the values for each show extremely different temperature dependence. Further evidence illustrating the different effects of each of the two polymers is found upon examining the polarization as both the temperature and LC phase of polymerization are changed. In PPDA systems the polarization remains fairly independent of the polymerization temperature. On the other hand, the polarization increases steadily as the polymerization temperature of HDDA systems is increased in the ordered LC phases. 

Liao, Y. Anderson, C. Y. Sullivan, P. A. Akelaitis, A. J. P. Robinson, B. H. Dalton, L. R., Electro optical properties of polymers containing alternating nonlinear optical chromophores and bulky spacers, Chem. Mater. 2006, 18, 1062 1067... 

S.-Y. Zhang, F. Kong, R. Sun, R.-K. Yuan, X.-Q. Jiang, and C.-Z. Yang, Synthesis, characterization, and electro-optical properties of a soluble conjugated polymer containing an oxadiazole unit in the main chain, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 89 2618-2623, 2003. 

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