Electricity worldwide consumption

More than 45% of the world s electricity is generated from coal and it is the major fuel for generating electricity worldwide. The known coal reserves in the world are enongh for consnmption for over 215 years, while the known oil reserves are only abont 39 times the world s consumption and the known natural gas reserves are about 63 times the world s consumption level in 1998. Coal is not only plentiful, but also economical. Advanced coal-fired power generation technologies should be developed worldwide to generate at minimnm economic coal, improve thermal efficiency and meet environmental requirements. 

PVDF is the third most widely used fluoropolymer, after polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP). The worldwide consumption of PVDF was approximately 15,000 metric tons in 2001 and is growing at an annual rate of 6-8%. PVDF applications have been expanded over the past 40 years because of its unique physical properties, and have over 30 years of proven and field performance data on thermal, chemical, radiation, and weathering applications. PVDF applications include, but are not limited to, chemical processing of pipes and components, semiconductor, architectural finishes and coatings, electrical plenum, cable jacketing. 

OJ The worldwide consumption of plastics by market in 1992. Packaging is the dominant market, taking approximately one-third of aU plastic produced. The hi-tech areas penetrated by the engineering plastics are mainly in mechanical engineering, transport (aerospace, autonrative) and electrical engineering. 

Sources of CO2 associated with Portland cement manufacture include (i) the decarbonization of limestone (ii) the exhausts of kiln fuel combustion and (iii) the exhausts of the vehicles used in cement plants and distribution. Of these sources, the first produces a minimum of about 0.47 kg CO2 kg cement, whilst production via the second source varies with the plant efficiency. For example, an efficient precalciner plant will produce 0.24kg CO2 kg cement, while a low-efficiency wet process may produce up to 0.65 kg CO2 kg . The production of CO2 via the third source is almost insignificant (0.002-0.005 kg CO2 kg cement). Hence, the typical total CO2 footprint is around 0.80 kg CO2 kg finished cement This leaves aside the CO2 associated with electric power consumption, which varies according to the local generation type and efficiency. Typical electrical energy consumption is of the order of 90-150 kWh per metric ton of cement this is equivalent to 0.09-0.15 kg CO2 kg finished cement if the electricity is coalgenerated. All of this amounts to about 7% of the total CO2 generated worldwide (Malhotra, 1999). 

Table A7.1 Population, electrical energy consumption per capita, and Human Development Index in various countries worldwide...

Certainly the most important segment is wire and cable with over one third of the worldwide consumption of silicone rubber going into this application. The vast majority of such applications in Europe are associated with single core insulated wires used in electrodomestic appliances, such as electric cookers, irons, refrigerators, gas central heating ignition wiring, etc. A more critical application in this field is the use of silicone rubber in control and power cables for nuclear power stations. 

This product, given the abbreviation FOD (fuel-oil domestique) in France, still held a considerable market share there of 17 Mt in 1993. However, since 1973 when its consumption reached 37 Mt, FOD has seen its demand shrink gradually owing to development of nuclear energy and electric heating. FOD also faces strong competition with natural gas. Nevertheless, its presence in the French, European and worldwide petroleum balance will still be strong beyond tbe year 2000. 

The demand for uranium ia the commercial sector is primarily determined by the consumption and inventory requirements of nuclear power reactors. In March 1997, there were 433 nuclear power plants operating worldwide with a combined capacity of about 345 GWe (net gigawatts electric)... 

From various U.S. DOE sources, projections have been made that the worldwide annual energy consumption in 2020 could be 75 percent higher than it was in 1995. The combined use of fossil fuels is projected to grow faster from 1995 to 2020 than it did from 1970 to 1995. Natural gas is expected to account for 30 percent of world electricity by 2020, compared to 16 percent in 1996. 

The U.S. accounts for almost one-quarter of worldwide slab zinc consumption and is the world s single largest market. About 80% of zinc is used in metal form, and the rest is used in compound form. In total, 90% of zinc metal is used for galvanizing steel (a form of corrosion protection) and for alloys, and is used in a wide variety of materials in the automotive, construction, electrical, and machinery sectors of the economy. Zinc compound use also varies widely, but is mainly found in the agricultural, chemical, paint, pharmaceutical, and rubber sectors of the economy. 

There has been a tremendous interest in polymers since World War 11. In the US, consumption was 18 million metric tons in 1974, 25.7 million metric tons in 1984, and 41.3 million metric tons in 1994 [1]. Polymer production has increased from essentially zero at the end the World War II to about 101 million metric tons worldwide in 1993 [2] and 241 million metric tons in 2006 [3]. The reason for this increase is quite simple. Synthetic polymers are numerous in structure and are very diverse in their structure-property relationships. Polymers are used extensively in electrical applications, including insulators, capacitors, and conductors. They are also used in many optical applications, the biochemical industry, structural applications, packaging, and they are used extensively as thermal insulation [4]. 

The water in rivers and streams can be captured and turned into hydropower (HP), also called hydroelectric power. HP currently provides about 17% of the world s electricity supply, virtually all of Norway s electricity and more than 40% of the electricity nsed in developing countries. However, there is great potential in hydropower worldwide. Norway produces more than 99% of its electricity with hydropower. New Zealand nses hydropower for 75% of its electricity. HP provides more than 97% of all electricity generated by renewable sources. Other sources, biomass, geothermal, solar and wind account for less than 3% of renewable electricity production. When the electricity share of total energy consumption is considered, the increase becomes even more dramatic. 

Nuclear energy has been used to produce electricity for more than half a century. Worldwide, nuclear energy accounts for 6% of energy and 16% of electricity, and 23% in OECD countries (UNDP, 2004). OECD countries prodnce almost 55% of the world s uranium. The global nuclear energy consumption increased rapidly from 0.1% in 1970 to 7.4% in 1998. This increase was especially high in the 1980s. 

Total worldwide electricity consumption projected through the year 2020. 

If all polyester dyers worldwide employed the new process, the residential energy use (heating and electricity) of a city like Frankfurt and the water consumption... 

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