Electrical energy specific

Electric motors are the most common drivers for the m ority of pumps, compressors, agitators, and similar equipment in the process industries. Process engineers should obtain the assistance of a qualified electrical engineer before completing motor specifications ior the wide variety of equipment applications and respective power sources. The use of standard specifications for the various types and classes of motors is helpful and reduces repetitious details. Be certain that the type of motor is properly matched to the service, atmosphere, load characteristics, and available type and power factor of the electrical energy to drive the motor. Some basic guides are summarized, but they cannot be used as all-inclusive rules to fit all plant or equipment condi-... 

This is the energy source for hydraulic systems. It converts electrical energy into dynamic, hydraulic pressure. In almost all cases, hydraulic systems utilize positive displacement pumps as their primary power source. These are broken down into two primary sub-classifications constant-volume or variable-volume. In the former, the pumps are designed to deliver a fixed output (i.e. both volume and pressure) of hydraulic fluid. In the later, the pump delivers only the volume or pressure required for specific functions of the system or its components. 

Regarding the specific energy, i.e., the electric energy per mass, a major distinction can be made between today s aqueous and nonaqueous battery systems [15]. Apart from batteries for some special applications, there are... 

Measurements of the true specific heats at low temperatures have been carried out by Eucken, who worked in such a way that to a weighed quantity of the substance in the form of a block, or in a proper isolated vessel, a known quantity of heat was added by means of an electrically heated platinum spiral, the resistance of wThich at the same time served to measure the temperature. The quotient of the electrical energy spent by the rise of temperature gives the specific heat. The correction for cooling (in vacuum of 5 Jo mm.) amounted to 20 per cent., and for heat capacity of the apparatus 5 per cent., yet the results are stated to be accurate to 1 per cent. 

Radiation of a particular wavelength (monochromatic) is required to initiate a specific electronic transition, but most UV and visible light sources are polychromatic. For example, common mercury arc lamps emit around 50% of their energy in the 405 nm to 578 nm range. Hence, for most processes, well over half of the electrical energy... 

The supercapacitors described in the literature have an overall specific capacity of about 1 to 5 F/g (i.e., when allowing for the weight of the two electrodes, the leads, the electrolytes, and aU peripheral components). In them, electric energy can be accumulated with a density of 1 to 5 Wh/kg (which is one to two orders of mag-nimde less than in batteries). 

Electrical energy discharged from a capacitor, which is just sufficient to effect ignition of the most ignitable mixture of a given fuel-mixture under specific test conditions. 

Beside the 61 kW total performance, the specific performance projected to the amount of treated slurry amounts to 0.41 kW per m3. The specific electric energy consumption per cubic meter 2.14 kWh. 

As Table 1 illustrates, Switzerland exhibits an extremely high specific aimual production of electrical energy from hydro power - by far the largest compared to other countries within Europe. This reflects the high level of water utilization, efficient production facilities, and a high density of power stations more than 90% of suitable rivers and streams are harnessed in Switzerland for this purpose [13]. 

Surface (1,000 km ) of which alpine share (%) Sectoral ratio of annual gross production of electrical energy (Status 2005) Specific production of electrical energy per year (Status 2005) ... 

---