Maximum salts

The effective solute (ts) transport number, ranged from 93% to 98%, even if reduced to 88% for sodium lactate. The water transport number (tw) increased from 9.3 to 15.6 and correspondently the maximum salt weight concentration in the concentrated stream (CBc,max) ranged from 286 to 350 kg/m3. Finally, while the surface resistance (rc) of the cation-exchange membranes was found to be about constant (5 2fl cm2), ra tended to increase with A/b. However, the specific electric energy consumption (e) slightly increased from 0.19 to 0.22 kWh/kg of salt recovered. 

Salt Maximum salt cnncentration in which PVA is soluble (% in water) Reference... 

The maximum salt resistances of isohydric series of mixtures are also not equal among themselves but these reach a highest value at a pH value which lies in between the isoelectric point of the gelatin and the discharge point of the gum arabic (in Fig. 13, at about pH 3.5—3.1). 

The tangent touches this coacervate branch at about pH 3.4—3.5. Of all the equivalent coacervates this one therefore contains the least water. The agreement with the pH s which follow from the maximum salt resistances is still fairly reasonable, the more so when one bears in mind that these latter were determined on sols of much smaller concentration. 

D13. We are running an RO system with NaCl in the aqueous feed at 0.035 wt frac. This approximates the concentration of sea water, but sea water is much more con5)lex. Typically, the highest cut for RO of sea water is approximately 0.50 to 0.55. In the United States, the EPA lists the preferred salt weight frac. in drinking water as 0.00050. In other countries, a higher drinking water maximum salt concentration is used. 

Desalination of seawater to water suitable for human consumption and/or agricultural uses is a vital operation in many parts of the world. Table 3.1 gives the typical salt content of seawater and the maximum salt content of drinking water. The chief component of sea salt is NaCl seawater contains 1.1 wt% Na and 1.9 wt% Cl. 

Table 2. Maximum Salt Concentration in which PVA is Soluble, % in Water. ...

The oil droplets in the mayonnaise are electrostatically stabilized. The water phase can be taken here as an aqueous solution of NaCl. The surface potential is 10 mV. The composite (overall) potential between the oil droplets at a distance of 0.5 nm must be higher than lOksT. Calculate the maximum salt concentration that can be allowed in the mayonnaise. 

Therefore simple coacervation will not take place at salt concentrations above a critical maximum salt concentration [6]. Simple coacervation is suppressed at high macromolecule concentrations. Under conditions where the macromolecule concentration approaches that normally found in the coacer-vate phase there is little energetic advantage in the formation of a coacervate phase. 

Constituents of base salts ITF4 or ThF4 content Loop material Maximum salt temperature, >F Time of operation, hr Depth of subsurface void formation at hottest part of loop, in. 

An electrostatic heater-treater should be considered in fields with maximum salt content specifications imposed [10-30 lb per thousand barrels (PTB)], any time the BSStW must be reduced below 0.5%, and offshore facilities where space and/or heat is limited. 

Due to these problems, refineries usually reduce crude oil salt contents to very low levels prior to processing. Refineries usually achieve the needed salt content by specifying in purchase contracts a maximum salt content, as well as maximum water content. A common salt specification would be 10 pounds per thousand barrels (PTB), 10 PTB (0.003 kg/m ). To satisfy the refinery specification, upstream production facilities may be required to perform some oil desalting. 

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