Electrical conductivity black Carbon nanotubes

Previously, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, and graphite nanofibers have been explored as supports because of their large surface area and high electrical conductivity [225,226]. 

In many composites, conducting fillers (carbon black, carbon nanotubes, or metal nanoparticles) are added to make material conductive. The relationship between composite morphology and electrical conductivity has been studied extensively, especially in the context of carbon black filled polymers [156-162]. It is well known that the dependence of conductivity on the loading of conductive filler, percolation theory there is some threshold filler loading below which there is no conductive pathway through the system and conductivity is zero above the threshold, conductivity grows very rapidly as ... 

In order to satisfy the industrial demand, the performance of supercapacitors must be improved and new solutions should be proposed. The development of new materials and new concepts has enabled important breakthroughs during the last years. In this forecast, carbon plays a central role. Due to its low cost, versatility of nanotextural and structural properties, high electrical conductivity, it is the main electrode component. Nanoporous carbons are the active electrode material, whereas carbon blacks or nanotubes can be used for improving the conductivity of electrodes or as support of other active materials, e.g., oxides or electrically conducting polymers. 

The features of the electrode used in this gas-phase electrocatalytic reduction of C02 are close to those used in PEM fuel cells [37, 40, 41] (e.g. a carbon cloth/Pt or Fe on carbon black/Nafion assembled electrode, GDE). The electrocatalysts are Pt or Fe nanoparticles supported on nanocarbon (doped carbon nanotubes), which is then deposited on a conductive carbon cloth to allow the electrical contact and the diffusion of gas phase C02 to the electrocatalyst. The metal nanoparticles are at the contact of Nation, through which protons diffuse. On the metal nanoparticles, the gas-phase C02 reacts with the electrons and protons to be reduced to longer-chain hydrocarbons and alcohols, the relative distributions of which depend on the reaction temperature and type of metal nanoparticles. Isopropanol forms selectively from the electrocatalytic reduction of C02 using a gas diffusion electrode based on an Fe/N carbon nanotube (Fe/N-CNT) [14, 39, 40]. Not only the nature of carbon is relevant, but also the presence of nanocavities, which could favor the consecutive conversion of intermediates with formation of C-C bonds. 

This paper represents an overview of investigations carried out in carbon nanotube / elastomeric composites with an emphasis on the factors that control their properties. Carbon nanotubes have clearly demonstrated their capability as electrical conductive fillers in nanocomposites and this property has already been commercially exploited in the fabrication of electronic devices. The filler network provides electrical conduction pathways above the percolation threshold. The percolation threshold is reduced when a good dispersion is achieved. Significant increases in stiffness are observed. The enhancement of mechanical properties is much more significant than that imparted by spherical carbon black or silica particles present in the same matrix at a same filler loading, thus highlighting the effect of the high aspect ratio of the nanotubes. 

The recognition of the unique properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has stimulated a huge interest in their use as advanced filler in composite materials. In particular, their superior mechanical, thermal and electrical properties are expected to provide much higher property improvement than other nanofillers (18-22). For example, as conductive inclusions in polymeric matrices, CNTs shift the percolation threshold to much lower loading values than traditional carbon black particles. 

Artificial nanostructured fillers are carbon nanofibers or nanotubes (CNT) and carbon black, which can act as reinforcements and which lead to an improved electrical conductivity of the compound. Nanostructured silica can be used as an antistick additive and nanosized silver particles exhibit an antibacterial effect when added to polymeric compounds. 

Conducting additives, e.g., carbon based particles like carbon black or carbon nanotubes, to decrease electrical resistance. 

The pigmentation of synthetic fibres with carbon black has been practised for a good number of years. Latterly, its potential for promoting electrical conductivity in fibres has been explored. Nowadays, there is rapidly growing interest too within the textiles community in the incorporation of carbon nanotubes into fibres, particularly as a means of reinforcing them. However, their incorporation at a sufficient level would also render the fibres electrically conducting, and no doubt this property will be fully explored over the coming years. 

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