Eider

Starvation or disease can lead to rapid release of the stored xenobiotic and to delayed toxic effects. In one well-documented case in the Netherlands (see Chapter 5), wild female eider ducks (Somateria mollissima) experienced delayed neurotoxicity caused by dieldrin. The ducks had laid down large reserves of depot fat before breeding, and these reserves were run down during the course of egg laying. Dieldrin concentrations quickly rose to lethal levels in the brain. Male eider ducks did not lay down and mobilize body fat in this way and did not show delayed neurotoxicity due to dieldrin. 

Retinol and retinyl Liver Common eider No Increased Wayland et al. 

Wayland M, Gilchrist HG, Marchant T, Keating J, Smits JE. 2002. Immune function, stress response, and body condition in Arctic-breeding common eiders in relation to cadmium, mercury, and selenium concentrations. Environ Res 90 47-60. 

Eckart, Carl 217n Einstein, Albert 262n Eider, Leonhard 13n Eyring, Henry 102n... 

Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus Eider, Somateria mollissima-, Norway (3.9-17.8) FW vs. (6.1-86.4) FW 76... 

Birds Alaska eiders 1992-94 found dead or moribund Spectacled eider, Somateria fischeri Blood 8.5 FW 135... 

Fleming, WJ. 1981. Environmental metal residues in tissues of canvasbacks. Jour. Wildl. Manage. 45 508-511. Flint, P.L., M.R. Petersen, and J.B. Grand. 1997. Exposure of spectacled eiders and other diving ducks to lead in western Alaska. Canad. Jour. Zool. 75 439-443. 

Franson, J.C., M.R. Petersen, C.U. Meteyer, and M.R. Smith. 1995. Lead poisoning of spectacled eiders (Somateriafischeri) and of a common eider (Somateriamollissima) in Alaska. Jour. Wildl. Dis. 31 268-271. Franson, J.C., L. Sileo, O.H. Pattee, and J.F. Moore. 1983. Effects of chronic dietary lead in American kestrels (Falco sparverius). Jour. Wildl. Dis. 19 110-113. 

Silver concentrations in muscle of Antarctic birds were low (0.01 mg/kg DW) when compared to livers (0.02 to 0.46 mg/kg DW) or feces (0.18 mg/kg DW Szefer et al. 1993). Silver concentrations in avian tissues, especially in livers, were elevated in the vicinity of metals-contaminated areas and in diving ducks from the San Francisco Bay (Table 7.5). Birds with elevated concentrations of silver in tissues — as much as 44 mg/kg DW in liver in the common eider (Somateria mollissima) — seemed outwardly unaffected (Bryan and Langston 1992). 

Common eider, Somateria mollissima Norway metals-contaminated area ... 

Szaro, R.C., N.C. Coon, and E. Kolbe. 1979. Pesticide and PCB of common eider, herring gull and great black-backed gull eggs. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22 394-399. 

Brunstrom, B., D. Broman, and C. Naf. 1990. Embryotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in three domestic avian species, and of PAHs and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the common eider. Environ. Pollut. 67 133-143. 

Naf, C., D. Brown, and B. Brunstrom. 1992. Distribution and metabolism of polycycbc aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) injected into eggs of chicken (Gallus domesticus) and common eider duck (Somateria mollissima). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11 1653-1660. 

Silence can not only be deceitful—it can also be deadly. Before you deoide to deoeive someone with silence, con-eider the conseo uences of your action, and recognize it for what it is a lie. 

Folate deficiency can be dietary, especially in the eiderly, due to increased demand like in pregnancy, or due to maiabsorption syndromes. Agents which can cause folic acid deficiency with long-term use include phenytoin, oral contraceptives, isoniazid and glucocorticosteroids. In rare instances the use of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors like trimethoprim, methotrexate or pyrimethamine can contribute to the occurrence of folate deficiency. Folinic acid can circumvent the need for the inhibited dihydrofolate reductase. 

Brodie M, Kwan P. Epilepsy in eiderly people. BMI 2005 33i i3i7-i 322. 

Common eider, Somateria molllssima Egg Muscle Liver Kidney... 

Common eider, Somateria mollissima Muscle, liver, kidney, and egg Roseate tern. Sterna dougallir, Long Island, New York 1992 egg shell vs. egg contents Tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor, Hackensack River Basin, New Jersey contaminated area Sediments Eggs Embryos Shell... 

Common eider, Somateria mollissima-, Norway Egg, liver Muscle, kidney... 

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