Liver muscle

Insulin is a peptide hormone, secreted by the pancreas, that regulates glucose metabolism in the body. Insufficient production of insulin or failure of insulin to stimulate target sites in liver, muscle, and adipose tissue leads to the serious metabolic disorder known as diabetes mellitus. Diabetes afflicts millions of people worldwide. Diabetic individuals typically exhibit high levels of glucose in the blood, but insulin injection therapy allows diabetic individuals to maintain normal levels of blood glucose. 

Fatty acid oxida- T Acetyl-CoA carboxylase-2 l Activity, J, malonyl-CoA Liver, muscle,... 

Tissue expression Mainly white and brown adipose tissue weak expression in liver, muscle, gut, macrophages, pancreatic (3-cells and haemopoietic tissues... 

The first hormonal signal found to comply with the characteristics of both a satiety and an adiposity signal was insulin [1]. Insulin levels reflect substrate (carbohydrate) intake and stores, as they rise with blood glucose levels and fall with starvation. In addition, they may reflect the size of adipose stores, because a fatter person secretes more insulin than a lean individual in response to a given increase of blood glucose. This increased insulin secretion in obesity can be explained by the reduced insulin sensitivity of liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. Insulin is known to enter the brain, and direct administration of insulin to the brain reduces food intake. The adipostatic role of insulin is supported by the observation that mutant mice lacking the neuronal insulin receptor (NDRKO mice) develop obesity. 

These studies represent the first report of the metabolism of brevetoxins by mammalian systems. PbTx-3 was rapidly cleared from the bloodstream and distributed to the liver, muscle, and gastrointestinal tract. Studies with isolated perfused livers and isolated hepatocytes conflrmed the liver as a site of metabolism and biliary excretion as an important route of toxin elimination. [ H]PbTx-3 was metabolized to several compounds exhibiting increased polarity, one of which appeared to be an epoxide derivative. Whether this compound corresponds to PbTx-6 (the 27,28 epoxide of PbTx-2), to the corresponding epoxide of PbTx-3, or to another structure is unknown. The structures of these metabolites are currently under investigation. 

Phosphorylation Glycogen Metabolic Movements of Glycogen Fat Metabolic Movements of Fat Protein Metabolic Movements of Protein Tissue Cooperation Liver Muscle Ketone Bodies... 

No one tissue can survive metabolically without the others. Each of the four major tissue types (liver, muscle, adipose, brain) has a specialized metabolic function. There are some differences in the metabolic pathways in each tissue however, these differences are relatively simple and serve to specialize the metabolic functions of the different tissue types. There is real cooperation between the different organs. Each organ has its own metabolic profile, its own needs, and its own capabilities. 

In this regard, high liver/muscle ratios of mercury concentration were reported in fish exposed to the effluents from a chlor-alkali plant in a contaminated area [68, 69]. Then, liver of fish downstream from the plant also had very high inorganic mercury to THg ratios [69]. 

Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua Norway Gill Liver Muscle... 

Atlantic guitarfish, Rhinobatos lentiginosus Liver Muscle Stomach... 

Narwhal, Monodon monoceros Kidney Liver Muscle Skin... 

Harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, North Sea 1987-90 maximum values juveniles vs. adults Kidney Liver Muscle... 

Goldstein, R.M., M.E. Brigham, and J.C. Stauffer. 1996. Comparison of mercury concentrations in liver, muscle, whole bodies, and composites of fish from the Red River of the North. Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53 244-252. 

Verma, S.R. and I.P. Tonk. 1983. Effect of sublethal concentrations of mercury on the composition of liver, muscles and ovary of Notopterus notopterus. Water Air Soil Pollut. 20 287-292. 

Rock bass, Ambloplites rupestris near smelter Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Gills Kidneys Livers Muscle... 

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss Kidney, liver Muscle... 

Feathers, primaries Dung Kidney Liver Muscle September Feathers, primaries Dung Kidney Liver Muscle New England Kidney Liver... 

Exposed to 19, 32 or 51 mg/L for up to 96 h Dose- and time-dependent increase in blood glucose and lactic acid concentrations liver glycogen decreased at all nickel levels and muscle glycogen decreased at the two higher levels high nickel concentrations were associated with elevated erythrocyte number, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Nickel accumulated in blood, liver, muscle, and especially in kidney 41... 

Atlantic cod, Gadus morhus, Newfoundland, November 1990-March 1991 females Liver Muscle Ovaries... 

Residues in the frans-chlordane group were higher (17-77 mg/kg) than in the c/s-chlordane group (8-67 mg/kg), although frans-chlordane was given at a much lower dose. Fat and kidney usually contained the highest concentrations, and brain the lowest. Oxychlordane was found in all tissues at 0.1 mg/kg in brain, 11 mg/kg in fat, and 0.5-2 mg/kg in liver, muscle, and kidney (Nomeir and Hajjar 1987)... 

Radhaiah, V. and S.V.K. Reddy. 1989. Toxic impact of fenvalerate on superoxide dismutase and catalase activity levels in liver, muscle and gill tissues of a freshwater fish, Tilapia mossambica (Peters). Biochem. Inter. 18 655-660. 

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