Effects on brain

Fiacco TA, McCarthy KD (2006) Astrocyte calcium elevations properties, propagation, and effects on brain signaling. Glia 54 676-690... 

Savolainen H, Pfaffli P, Tengen M, et al. 1977. Trichloroethylene and 1,1,1- trichloroethane Effects on brain and liver after five days intermittent inhalation. Arch Toxicol 38 229-237. 

Continuous cerebral circulation is required to sustain brain function. Not only does the brain utilize 02 at a very rapid rate, but the brain is absolutely dependent on uninterrupted oxidative metabolism for maintenance of its functional and structural integrity. Even at its maximal rate, anaerobic glycolysis can provide only a small portion of the required energy. Since the amount of 02 stored in brain is extremely small compared with its rate of utilization, the brain requires a continuous supply of 02 from the circulation, and brief disruptions in this supply have an immediate effect on brain function and consciousness. 

Ammonia has deleterious effects on brain function by direct and indirect mechanisms. Concentrations of ammonia in the 1-2 mmol/1 range, equivalent to those reported in the brain in liver failure, impair postsynaptic inhibition in cerebral cortex and brainstem by a direct effect on Cl extrusion from the postsynaptic neuron. Millimolar concentrations of ammonia also inhibit excitatory neurotransmission. Synaptic transmission from Schaffer collaterals to CA1 hippocampal neurons is reversibly depressed by 1 mmol/1 ammonia, and the firing of CA1 neurons by iontophoretic application of glutamate is inhibited by 2 mmol/1 ammonia [10],... 

McEwen, L.C., L.R. DeWeese, and P. Schladweiler. 1986. Bird predation on cutworms (Lepidoptera Noctuidae) in wheat fields and chlorpyrifos effects on brain cholinesterase activity. Environ. Entomol. 15 147-151. 

Di Marzio, W.D. and M.C. Tortorelli. 1993. Acute toxicity of paraquat and no-inhibitory chronic effect on brain acetylcholinesterase activity of freshwater fish Bryconamericus iheringii (Pisces, Characidae). Jour. Environ. Sci. Health 28B 701-709. 

Eberling JL, Wu C, Tong-Turnbeaugh R, Jagust WJ (2004) Estrogen- and tamoxifen-associated effects on brain structure and function. Neurol mage 21 364-371... 

GR 38032F had no significant effects on brain levels of DA or 5-HT or their oxidative metabolites in various brain regions in rats [111]. However, this compound selectively antagonized DA metabolism in rats with activated meso-limbic system. 

Another test paradigm for detecting treatment effects on brain functioning in Fj offspring measures auditory startle habituation. In this test, the animal is placed in a chamber with a floor that detects movement. The animal is exposed to a sequence of 50 to 60 auditory stimuli, each at 110 to 120 decibels for 20 to50 sec and separated by 5 to 20 sec. The gradual diminution of the animal s movement response is indicative of normal habituation. 

Changes in the expression of metallothioneins, MTs, induced by changes in zinc status as well as other factors will have adverse effects on brain function. Stress will increase the expressions of MTs and their mRNAs in the hippocampus. 

D. R. Cooper, C. Marrel, H. van de Waterbeemd, B. Testa, P. Jenner, C. D. Marsden, l-Dopa Esters as Potential Prodrugs Behavioural Activity in Experimental Models of Parkinson s Disease , J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1987, 39, 627 - 635 D. R. Cooper, C. Marrel, H. van de Waterbeemd, B. Testa, P. Jenner, C. D. Marsden, L-Dopa Esters as Potential Prodrugs Effect on Brain Concentration of Dopamine Metabolites in Reserpi-nized Mice , J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1987, 39, 809-818. 

Manley GT, Hemphill JC, Morabito D, et al. Small-volume resuscitation with the hemoglobin substitute HBOC-201 effect on brain tissue oxygenation. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003 530 311. 

Olanzapine (Zyprexa). The olanzapine molecule is structurally very similar to clozapine and therefore exerts very similar effects on brain receptors. The dose range of olanzapine for treating schizophrenia is from 5 to 30mg/day. Like clozapine, olanzapine appears to treat both positive and negative symptoms. It is also approved for the treatment of the manic phase of bipolar disorder. It has also been shown to augment the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine in refractory patients. 

Substances with a neuromodulatory effect on brain neurotransmitters by direct actions of specific receptors that modify the actions of the transmitters listed include prostaglandins, adenosine, enkephalins, substance P, cholecystokinin, endorphins, endogenous benzodiazepine receptor ligands, and possibly histamine. CNS, central nervous system. NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate. Strych, strychnine. 

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