Auditory stimuli

Calculations factor of 10 was also retained because experiments by Weeks et al. (1963) indicated that dogs that had been previously stressed (auditory stimuli) were more sensitive to the adverse effects of dimethylhydrazine. 360 ppm/30=12 ppm C1xt=k... 

Another test paradigm for detecting treatment effects on brain functioning in Fj offspring measures auditory startle habituation. In this test, the animal is placed in a chamber with a floor that detects movement. The animal is exposed to a sequence of 50 to 60 auditory stimuli, each at 110 to 120 decibels for 20 to50 sec and separated by 5 to 20 sec. The gradual diminution of the animal s movement response is indicative of normal habituation. 

In another experiment, animals were accelerated. Puppies, aged 1-20 days, were rotated in a drrun for 5 or 15 minutes and accelerated for a maximmn of 3 X Their response to eucalyptus odor changed from neutral to negative, and that to maternal odor from positive to uncertain. Odor aversion to eucalyptus lasted longer than that to maternal odor. When visual and auditory stimuli start to control behavior at the age of 12-13 days, the induced odor aversion is more easily suppressed (Kassil and Gulina, 1987). 

A crucial concept in this area is that of novelty seeking. The mammalian nervous system appears to be biologically programmed to attend to novel information more readily than to familiar information. For example, human subjects respond more rapidly to novel auditory stimuli than to familiar repetitive stimuli (Tiifinen et al. 1994). In the... 

Tougaard, J., Casseday, J. H. and Covey, E. (1998). Arctiid moths and bat echolocation broad band clicks interfere with neural responses to auditory stimuli in the nuclei of the lateral lemniscus of the big brown bat. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 182 203-215. 

Not only may this EEG pattern be indicative of nonrestorative sleep, it may also be related to pain sensations. Three of six healthy, non-FM subjects underwent a sleep deprivation induction trial marked by the presentation of auditory stimuli during delta sleep (24). As a result, they experienced greater muscular ten-... 

Several procedures have been described to keep animals awake. One is to stimulate the animals somatosensory system, using tactile or auditory stimuli (Sala et al. 1995). This method is effective for short recording periods, but is neither practical nor reliable for longer term recording because the animals habituate rapidly to sensory stimuli. 

Alain C, Hargrave R, Woods DL. 1998. Processing of auditory stimuli during visual attention in patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 44 1151-1159. 

Intraspecies 10 - A broad spectrum of effects were seen, including behavioral effects, hyperactivity, fasciculations, tremors, convulsions, and vomiting. The mechanism of toxicity is uncertain and susceptibility among individuals regarding these effects may vary. This variability was especially demonstrated in dogs wherein responses varied from one of extreme severity (vomiting, tremors, convulsions, and death) to no observable effects. Therefore, a factor of 10 was applied. A factor of 10 was also applied because experiments by Weeks et al. (1963) indicated that dogs had been previously stressed (auditory stimuli), which may have affected their response to dimethylhydrazine. Based upon these data, it was assumed that humans may be equally variable in their response to dimethylhydrazine. 

The midbrain consists of a number of structures, including the inferior colliculi, the superior colliculi, and tlic substantia nigra. The inferior colliculi form part of the auditory system. The superior colliculi function in localization of visual stimuli. These structures are specifically involved with localization of stimuli and mediation of reflexes. The actual recognition and interpretation of visual and auditory stimuli take place elsewhere in the brain (sec the section on the cerebral cortex). 

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