Effective static force

Here, we will focus uniquely on the static component part. Such an assumption leads to a description of the tip action as a step like function as sketched in Figure 14 and an effective static force Fstat ... 

The apparatus used in the present study is based on the axi-symmetric bubble shape analysis, i.e., a firmly established technique for the measurement of static and dynamic surface tension as well as of the geometrical properties of the bubble (Loglio et al. 1996, 2001, Kovalchuk et al. 2001, Miller et al. 2000, Rusanov and Prokhorov 1996, Neumann and Spelt 1996, Cheu et al. 1998). In essence, the shape of a bubble (or of a drop) is determined by a combination of surface tension and gravity effects. Surface forces tend to make drops and bubbles spherical whereas gravity tends to elongate them. 

Static force balance over cake yielding the compressive stress in the matrix of particles. The sum of the accumulative frictional drag and body (gravitational or centrifugal) forces per unit of cross-sectional area is called effective pressure, a term first used in soil mechanics. 

When a/l is small it is possible to obtain a general expression for the effect of boundaries on the quasi-static force and torque experienced by a trans-lating-rotating particle of arbitrary shape in a fluid which is otherwise at rest (B16, B20, C20). This relation takes the form... 

An alternative criterion is also given in the Canadian Building Code, NBC. The procedure for evaluating effects of vortex shedding can be approximated by a static force acting over the top third of the vessel or stack. An equation is given for this value, Fl, and shown is this procedure. 

The seismic effects are generally considered as pseudo-static forces to be added to the other static forces. A detailed review ofthe literature regarding the computation of passive earth pressure using planar failure, composite failure mechanism and experimental investigations are presented in the following sections. In addition, the review of the literature for the computation of earthquake-induced displacements is also presented. 

The linear and nonlinear optical (L NLO) properties are of great importance, because they allow to understand a large number of physical effects (e.g. Kerr-effect, intermolecular forces, solvatochromism)[l, 2]. In addition they are key properties for the design and study of novel photonic materials, which have several significant applications (e.g. optical processing of information and optical computing etc.) [3,4]. The static NLO properties have, in general, two important contributions the electronic and the vibrational. Here we shall mainly review some of our recent work on these properties, but for completeness we shall also present some of the recently published articles by other teams. 

In LCE, the third concept, the shape-changes were transferred from the micro to the macroscopic level and led to mechanical stress or strain. In liquid crystals the induced stresses resulting from the phase transition of the LC phase were balanced by flow. When the LC moieties were incorporated in a polymer network representing an LCE, the free flow was prevented and led to static forces. This behavior had been predicted by de Gennes in 1975, but it took several years of research until the first LCEs were presented [131]. This effect is called two-way SME in [132], which is not a suitable term as this polymer does not enable two distinct and steady shapes. 

Vessels will vibrate based on an exciting force such as wind or earthquake. There are two distinct types of loadings as a result of wind. The first is the static force from wind loading pressure against the vessel shell. The second is a dynamic effect from vortex shedding due to wind flow around the vessel. Tall, slender, vertical vessels are more susceptible to the effects of vortex shedding. 

The total earth pressure, which includes seismic effects P,, should always be bigger than the static force Pj. If the calculation results indicate AP < 0 use = 0. 

On the other hand, dipolar forces are known to extend much further than hard core repulsive forces that dominate liquid static structures. There is a possibility that a screening process, such as that one alluded just above, ends in reducing the range of effective dipolar forces. However, recent comprehensive theories that include the long-range effect of dipolar forces predict a distinct contribution in the susceptibility absorption patterns (27,28,51). In this respect such liquids as CH3CI or... 

Through the coefficient c, he included the effect of the acceleration of a portion of the liquid to enter into the capillary. 0 is not the static, but the dynamic contact angle. In that way, this term is not the driving force. It is a kind of effective driving force which includes the dissipation in the vicinity of the contact fine. 

For the determination of dynamic 33 coefficient by direct piezoelectric effect, the sample and a mass m placed on it are accelerated sinusoidally by a shaker (Hillenbrand and Sessler 2004 Kressmann 2001a). Thus, the sample is loaded with two pressures, namely, tire static force mg and the dynamic force /wa, where g is the acceleration due to the gravity of tire earth and a the dynamic acceleration. The dynamic acceleration can be measured with an accelerometer, which allows one... 

The equivalent static lateral force method is a simplified technique to substitute the effect of dynamic loading of an expected earthquake by a static force distributed laterally on a stmcture for design purposes. The total applied seismic force V is generally evaluated in two horizontal directions parallel to the main axes of the building (Fig. 1). It assumes that the budding responds in its fundamental lateral mode. For this to be true, the building must be low rise and must be fairly symmetric to avoid torsional movement under ground motions. The stmcture must be able to resist effects caused by seismic forces in either direction, but not in both directions simultaneously. 

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