Effective index, definition

One of the commonly used ventilation parameters is ventilation effectiveness, and it shows how certain regions in the room are influenced by contaminant sources introduced into the room. Three definitions of ventilation effectiveness are often used, namely, the ventilation effectiveness in the occupied zone the local ventilation index and the mean ventilation effectiveness They are defined as... 

Other less definite yet important effects such as profile changes due to nonlinear refractive index alteration in spatially nonuniform high power beams must be carefully considered. As example, the use of nonidentical liquids and optical paths prior to and in, say, EFISH cells and the usual quartz calibration cells could cause potentially inaccurate x determinations. Obviously these types of considerations are important when precise experimentation to test fine models of molecular behavior are intended, but have not stood as obstacle to uncovering the important general trends in molecular nonlinearity enhancement. 

What do the terms potency and effectiveness of a drug mean Explain the definitions of therapeutic index and safety margin. 

Here the summation index i covers both traps and recombination centers. We suppose initially that there is only one trap and that the rest of the impurities or defects act as recombination centers. A trap, of course, is by definition more likely to release its charge to the appropriate band than to hold it until annihilation by subsequent capture of the opposite charge. The reverse is true for recombination centers. We can often lump the sum effect of all the recombination centers into a single lifetime t ... 

Having resolved the molecular perception problem and achieved a unique representation of all atoms, bonds, and rings in the molecule, the second major step is the definition of the most useful measure for local similarity of atoms and atomic environment. For the purpose of COSMO/rag, we need to achieve the state that atoms are considered as most similar, if their partial molecular surfaces and surface polarities, i.e., polarization charge densities, are most similar. But since the latter is not known, at least for the new molecule under consideration, we have to ensure that the local geometries and the electronic effects of the surrounding atoms are most similar. Obviously, two similar atoms should at legist be identical with respect to their element and their hybridization. Turning this information into a unique real number, a similarity index of the lowest order (zeroth order) can be defined for each atom from the atom element numbers and... 

The improvement was not only clinical, but also bacteriological, reducing the morphological index (percent of viable bacteria) to 0. During the treatment, no side-effects were observed either clinically or by biological tests (24-). Continued treatment over a period of another 6 months confirmed the definite effectiveness of the drug against leprosy. 

The risk index in Equation 6.2 is expressed in terms of risk (i.e., the probability that an adverse response will occur during an individual s lifetime). This definition is consistent with the fundamental objective of developing a risk-based hazardous waste classification system. However, the use of health risk per se in calculating the risk index presents some difficulties because risk is not proportional to dose for substances that cause deterministic effects. For this type of substance, the risk is presumed to be zero at any dose below a nominal threshold. Since the allowable dose should always be less than the threshold in order to prevent the occurrence of adverse responses, expressing the risk index in terms of risk would result in an indeterminate value and, more importantly, a lack of distinction between doses near the nominal thresholds and lower doses of much less concern. For any hazardous substance, including carcinogens for which risk is assumed to be proportional to dose without threshold, it is generally useful to express the risk index as the ratio of a calculated dose [e.g., sieverts, mg (kg d)-1] to an allowable dose that corresponds to an allowable risk ... 

Toxicology studies are conducted to define the safety profile of a candidate and include definition of the no-toxic-effect dose, MTD, potential organs of toxicity, and potential biochemical markers to detect and track toxic events. Most developmental compounds that do not become therapeutic products have unacceptable toxicity in animals or humans. Before the definitive toxicology studies needed to support an IND submission are initiated, a number of animal experiments can be conducted to characterize the potential toxicity of the candidate. These early toxicology evaluations are usually conducted in the same species as used in pharmacology evaluations. As mentioned earlier, the lowest dose that has no toxicity or an acceptable level of toxicity is compared with the dose that gives the desired pharmacologic response in the same animal species to obtain a therapeutic ratio or index for that species. 

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