Effective electric charge

Structure elements are symbolized by Sq. S denotes either the particles of components k or a vacancy V, and q is the effective electrical charge relative to a perfect crystal. It is usual to indicate effective charges by (see also list of symbols)... 

The above conclusions have been reached without consideration of the electrical charge q on the structure elements. In ionic crystals, however, most of the SE s possess an effective electrical charge. Let us therefore consider an exchange reaction of electrical charge between two SE s, such as the redox reaction... 

All of the above quantities are the macroscopic characteristics of intermolecular interactions. Moreover, they all have the same origin, which arises from interactions between effective electric charges of the same magnitudes as the elementary charge e separated by distances b, comparable to those between atoms. 

Superscript. The superscript denotes the effective electric charge on the defect, defined as the difference between the real charge of the defect species and that of the species that would have occupied that site in a perfect crystal. The superscript is a prime for each negative charge, a dot for every positive charge, or an x for zero effective charge. 

The first two terms in eq. 12 are known as "electro-optical parameters." If the instantaneous molecular dipole moment is expressed in terms of effective electrical charges, localized on the atoms, M = Iaqa a dipole moment change can then be expressed as a function of... 

Electrospinning a polymer solution could produce thin fibers with a variety of cross-sectional shapes. Branched fibers, flat ribbons, ribbons with other shapes, and fibers that were split longitudinally from larger fibers were observed. The transverse dimensions of these asymmetric fibers were typically 1000 to 2000 nm, measured in the widest direction. The observation of fibers with these cross-sectional shapes from a number of different kinds of polymers and solvents indicated that fluid mechanical effects, electrical charge carried with the jet, and evaporation of the solvent all contributed to the formation ofthe fibers. ... 

Milnera M, Stepmek M, Zuskova I, Prochazka K (2007) Experimental study of the electrophoretic mobility and effective electric charge of polystyrene-Wock-poly(methacrylic acid) micelles in aqueous media. Int J Polym Anal Charact 12 23-33... 

The materials of main interest in the field of electrochemistry of mixed conductors ate iorric compounds. The existence of iotrs is then assured by definition. However, metals and covalent bonded semiconductors can also be cottsidered as long as atomic defects exist which have a fixed effective electric charge (including zero), and move tmder an electrochemical gradient according to the transport eqrtatiotts discussed in Section 111, which hold for MIECs. 

Additional ionization is effected by including radioactive substances or plasma or glow discharges in the evaporation chamber or by electrical charging of the nebulizer. Such techniques are also discussed in Chapters 8 and 11. 

A hexapole assembly of rods (poles) is built similarly to the quadrupole, but now there are three sets of opposed rods evenly spaced around a central axis. The hexapole cannot act as a mass filter by applying a DC field and is used only in its all-RF mode. It is therefore a wide band-pass filter and is used to collimate an ion beam. (Like-charged particles repel each other, and an electrically charged beam will tend to spread apart because of mutual repulsion of ions unless steps are taken to reduce the effect.)... 

Adsorption of bath components is a necessary and possibly the most important and fundamental detergency effect. Adsorption (qv) is the mechanism whereby the interfacial free energy values between the bath and the soHd components (sofld soil and substrate) of the system are lowered, thereby increasing the tendency of the bath to separate the soHd components from one another. Furthermore, the soHd components acquire electrical charges that tend to keep them separated, or acquire a layer of strongly solvated radicals that have the same effect. If it were possible to foUow the adsorption effects in a detersive system, in all their complex ramifications and interactions, the molecular picture of soil removal would be greatly clarified. 

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