Longitudinal splitting

Figure 4.20 Sulfide deposits (dark patches) on longitudinally split brass heat exchanger tube. Note the perforation where wastsige penetrated the tube wall. Sulfide was spalled after perforation by escaping fluids.

Figure 6.21 A longitudinally split carbon steel emergency service water pipe, as in Fig. 6.10. Note the circumferential weld-backing ring, which is consumed on one side.

Figure 6.23/ A longitudinally split 304 stainless steel condenser tube covered with deposits.

The split apparent in Fig. 11.9 was located along the top of the tube facing the steam inlet nozzle. This is one of several tubes in this area having similar longitudinal splits. Leakage of river water from these tubes resulted in feedwater contamination, which turned out to be a major factor in tube failures in the boiler. 

Figure 6-33. The coupling hole alignment tool (CHAT) has a longitudinally split sleeve for greater expansion. Like the radial fit bolt, it is hydraulically tensioned, but there is no hydraulic separation of core and sleeve.

Fig. 6.14. Blunted crack tip and longitudinal splitting in unidirectional continuous fiber composites. After...

The implication of Eq. (6.21) is that the criterion is dependent mainly on the ratio of the energies for longitudinal splitting and transverse cracking, and is relatively insensitive to crack length and the elastic modulus. It is also noted from experimental study that crack speed has a pronounced effect on the toughness ratio, Rl/Ri, and thus the crack deflection phenomenon. 

Fig. 6.21. The criterion for longitudinal splitting in terms of the stress ratio, a .(0 /a (90" ). After Gupta et al. (1991). Reprinted with permission of ASME International.

Fig. 6.22. Comparisons of the longitudinal splitting length, Z,p, between analysis and finite element method for graphite fiber-epoxy matrix orthotropic laminates. After Tirosh (1973).

Fig 23 shows the deformation obtd soon after impact. The end of the AI nose cap has opened up, but the longitudinal section of the cap has not yet split open. Fig 24 shows the deformation late in the impact. The Al cap has completely failed by longitudinal splitting, and the steel rim of the projectile body is in near contact with the target plate. This is called the "pinch stage and the most violent reactions from a Susan type impact... 

Features The root is obtainable in longitudinally split pieces or in transverse slices. Ringed, brownish-grey externally, hard and whitish inside fibrous fracture. Berries purplish-black, nearly globular, ten carpels, each containing one lens-shaped seed. 

As with cotton and other cellulosics, the use of the electron microscope has aided the evaluation of mechanical degradation and wear of wool fabrics. Scale removal and fibrillation were more representative of normal wear, whereas a variety of fiber faults were observed on wool fabrics abraded by laboratory testers such faults included longitudinal splitting, transverse fracture, and abraded fibrils (172). 

In our case of semiconductor nanocrystals, the real part of the dielectric function becomes negative in the vicinity of the transverse-longitudinal splitting, i. e. in the frequency range between the transverse, Qt, and longitudinal, Ql, frequencies of an optical phonon, Qt < < Ql. In this frequency range, the dielectric function is well modeled by the expression ... 

Figure 11.3 Longitudinal split length growth characteristics for the 3 series materials from X-ray radiography data. , 310-0 +, 310-A...

Composites for military and aerospace uses The preparation and properties of composites using aromatic polyamide-hydrazide fibres have been described/ and one area in which the X-500 fibres have clearly been tested as composite reinforcements outside Monsanto is that of personnel armour for ballistic protection. Type 3 seems to have given the most promising results, the stiffer types tending to fail by longitudinal splitting. ... 

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