Effect on intestinal

Because of its motor, i.e., activating effect on vascular smooth muscle and its inhibitory effect on intestinal smooth muscle, the sympathetic nervous system has been cast into the role of the component of the nervous system that executes control of visceral function in times of physical emergency for the organism. The phrase fight or flight has been often used to describe the circumstances in which the adrenergic transmitters of the sympathetic system are dominant over the cholinergic parasympathetic system. This concept is perhaps oversimplified but it has the utility of a first approximation of how the two components of the ANS interact in the periphery. Sensory inputs which lead to increased blood pressure, for example, activate the sympathetic pathways. 

ARJMANDI B H, KHALIL D A and HOLLIS B w (2002), Soy protein its effects on intestinal calcium transport, serum vitamin D and insulin-like growth factor-1 in ovariectomized rats. Calcif Tissue Int 70(6), 483-7. 

Parks, D.A., Shah, A.K. and Granger, D.N. (1984). Oxygen radicals, effects on intestinal vascular permeability. Am. J. Physiol. 247, G167-G170. 

Repeated oral administration of an antibiotic that reaches very high concentrations within the GI lumen could have profound effects on intestinal flora [ 12,13]. As expected, rifaximin markedly reduced fecal bacterial counts during oral intake but the effect was short-lasting since the bacterial population recovered within 1-2 weeks from the end of treatment (table 4) [82], Most importantly, fungal colonization occurred very rarely. Indeed, Candida albicans, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of antibiotic-associated diarrhea [82, 83], was isolated from the fecal samples of only 2 out of 10 patients given 1,200 mg of rifaximin daily [81] and in none of the volunteers taking 800 mg daily [82],... 

Minimal effects on intestinal flora were seen with rifaximin administration [9, 35]. In an early study, performed on healthy volunteers who received a short-term (5 days) rifaximin treatment, the observed changes in bowel flora returned to baseline levels within 1-2 weeks [9]. In a recent investigation fecal samples of patients with ulcerative colitis given three 10 day courses of the antibiotic were cultured and the different microbial species quantitated. Despite the high dose (i.e. 1800 mg daily) of rifaximin used there was only a minor change in bacterial counts which reverted back to pre-treatment values during the washout period [35]. It appears therefore that administration of this antibiotic does not disrupt intestinal microbial ecology. 

Additionally, tegaserod at low nanomolar concentrations increases intracellular cAMP concentrations in crypt cells isolated from rat distal colon and stimulates chloride and water secretion by activation of 5-HT4 receptors [34,35], These findings suggest a modulatory effect on intestinal electrolyte and water secretion in vivo. 

Lewis SJ, Heaton KW. Roughage revisited (the effect on intestinal function of inert plastic particles of different sizes and shapes). Dig Dis Sci 1999 44 744-748. 

P-glycoprotein and surfactants Effect on intestinal talinolol absorption. Clin Pharmacol Ther 77 24-32... 

Choudhury BR, Poddar MK. (1985) Andrographolide and Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) extract Effect on intestinal brush-border membrane bound hydrolases. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 7 617-621. 

Mechanism of Action AGIstimulant that has a direct effect on intestinal smooth musculature by stimulating the intramural nerve plexus. Therapeutic Effect Increases peristalsis and promotes laxative effect. 

Acetylcholine is also found in non-neuronal tissues. The mammalian respiratory tract is regulated by ACh this neurotransmitter also has a direct effect on intestinal smooth muscle and on the heart. It is therefore reasonable to consider ACh a hormone as much as a neurotransmitter, as mentioned previously. 

If human data are not available, other data on experiments in animals may be considered. However, models that involve feeding of low levels of antimicrobials to animals to determine the effects on intestinal bacterial populations are... 

In conclusion, available data indicate that H3 receptors can mediate inhibitory effects on intestinal motility. However, it is still unclear whether these effects have a physiologic significance. On the one hand, the lack of involvement of histamine H3 receptors in the control... 

Bogman K., Zysset Y., Degen L., Hopfgartner G., Gutmann H., Alsenz J., Drewe J. (2005) P-glycoprotein and surfactants effect on intestinal talinolol absorption. Clin Pharmacol Ther, 77(l) 24-32. 

GRAPEFRUIT JUICE QUINIDINE Absorption of quinidine is delayed (e.g. from 1.6 to 3.3 hours) by grapefruit juice in a dose-dependent manner Possibly due to effects on intestinal CYP3A4 Be aware... 

Loperamide (tV 10 h) is structurally similar to diphenoxylate. Its precise mode of action remains obscure but it impairs propulsion of gut contents by effects on intestinal circular and longitudinal muscle that are at least partly due to an action on opioid receptors. Loperamide may cause nausea, vomiting and abdominal cramps. Its potential for abuse appears to be low. 

Mixed micelles consist of fatty acids solubilized by surfactants or bile salts. The effects of mixed micelles on drug absorption were reviewed by Muranishi Mixed micelles are effective absorption enhancers for compounds such as heparin, streptomycin, gentamycin, and insulin. The effect of mixed micelles on drug absorption tends to be greater at the distal region of the GI tract. The mechanism for increased absorption is not known. Some publications claim that they are safe to use. Others report a disordering effect on intestinal epithelial cells. 

Lowe, P.J. Temple, C.S. Calcitonin and Insulin in Iso-butylcyanoacrylate nanocapsules protection against proteases and effect on intestinal absorption in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 1994, 46, 547-552. 

Hornsby-Lewis L, Shike M, Brown P, Klang M, Pearlstone D, Brennan MF. L-glutamine supplementation in home total parenteral nutrition patients stability, safety, and effects on intestinal absorption. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1994 18(3) 268-73. 

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