Effect of estrogens

Gray, L.E., Ostby, J., and Wolf, C. et al. (1996). Effects of estrogenic, antiandrogenic and dioxin-like synthetic chemicals on mammalian sexual differentiation. Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society 212,4—TOXI. 

DRAPER c R, DICK I M and PRINCE R L (1999) The effect of estrogen deficiency on calcium balance in mature rats. Calcif Tissue Int 64, 325-8. 

Observational studies have suggested possible favourable effects of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) on the risk of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Since elevated plasma cholesterol has been identified as the primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, investigations have focused on the inverse association between plasma cholesterol concentration and soy protein consumption. The cholesterol-lowering properties of soy have been demonstrated, and a good correlation has been found in... 

Cooper W.E. Jr. (1995). Effects of estrogen and male head coloration on chemosensory investigation of female cloacal pheromones by male broad-headed skinks (Eumeces laticeps). Physiol Behav 58, 1221-1225. 

Rapp SR, Espeland MA, Shumaker SA, et al. Effect of estrogen plus progestin on global cognitive function in postmenopausal women The Women s Health Initiative memory study A randomized, controlled trial. JAMA 2003 289 2663-2672. 

Adverse effects of estrogen include nausea, headache, breast tenderness, and heavy bleeding. More serious adverse effects include increased risk for coronary heart disease, stroke, venous thromboembolism, breast cancer, and gallbladder disease. Transdermal estrogen is less likely than oral estrogen to cause nausea, headache, breast tenderness, gallbladder disease, and deep vein thrombosis. 

Mendelsohn ME (2002) Genomic and nongenomic effects of estrogen in the vasculature. Am J Cardiol 90 3F... 

Helvering LM, Adrian MD, Geiser AG, Estrem ST, Wei T, Huang S, et al. (2004) Differential effects of estrogen and raloxifene on mRNA and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) activity in the rat uterus. Biol Reprod [Epub ahead of print]. DOI 10.1095/biolreprod. 104.034595... 

It is of great interest that new findings suggest that several effects of estrogen and SERMs also may be mediated by nonnuclear ER actions derived from fast activation (in a matter of minutes) of the protein-kinase cascades and other signaling processes associated to cell membrane ERs. These activation routes, described in detail in Chap. 1 by Escrich et al. are not mediated by transcrip-... 

Chongthammakun S, Teresawa E (1993) Negative feedback effects of estrogen on luteinizinghormone-releasinghormone release occur in pubertal, but not prepubertal, ovariectomized female rhesus monkeys. Endocrinology 132 735-743... 

Petersen SL, McCrone S, Keller M, Shores S (1995) Effects of estrogen and progesterone on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone messenger ribonucleic acid levels consideration of temporal and neuroanatomical variables. Endocrinology 136 3604-3610... 

If the RANKL/OPG system is a final effector on the biology of osteoclasts, then this system should be the basis for the antiresorptive effects of estrogen. Indeed, estrogen stimulates OPG synthesis for osteoblastic cells (Hofbauer et al. 1999), estrogen deficiency induced by OVX results in a decrease in OPG and increased RANKL production, an action that is prevented by estradiol administration, and OPG administration prevents bone loss induced by OVX (Simonet et al. 1997 Hofbauer et al. 2000 Hofbauer 1999). In addition, estrogen can suppress RANKL and M-CSF-induced differentiation of myelomonocytic precursors into multinucleated TRAP+ osteoclasts through an ER-dependent mechanism that does not require mediation by stromal cells (Shevde et al. 2000). Finally, treatment with estradiol inhibits the response of osteoclast precursors to the action of RANKL (Srivastava et al. 2001). 

Effects of Estrogen and Agonist of Estrogen Receptor on Bone Cells... 

Qu Q, Harkonen PL, Vaananen HK (1999) Comparative effects of estrogen and antiestrogens on differentiation of osteoblasts in mouse bone marrow culture. J Cell BioChem 73 500-507... 

Onoe Y, Miyaura C, Ito M, Ohta H, Nozawa S, Suda T (2000) Comparative effects of estrogen and raloxifene on B lymphopoiesis and bone loss induced by sex steroid deficiency in mice. J Bone Miner Res 15 541-549... 

Nuttall ME, Nadeau D, Stroup G, Hoffman S, Vasko-Moser J, Gowen M (1998) Idoxifene antagonizes the effects of estrogen in the breast and endometrium a therapeutically favorable profile over estrogen in reproductive tissues. In ASBMR IBMS joint meeting, San Francisco, December 1998. Bone 23(Suppl) S611... 

Williams DC, Paul DC, Black LJ (1991) Effects of estrogen and tamoxifen on serum osteocalcin levels in ovariectomized rats. Bone Miner 14 205-220... 

A wealth of epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies link estrogens with cardiovascular disease (CVD). This evidence has promoted CVD as a key area within the extragenital effects of estrogens. The question is of interest because it directly affects the wide clinical use of estrogens as contraceptive agents or as principal constituents of hormonal therapy (HT) formulations in postmenopausal women. The significance of the subject is further reinforced by the relevance of CVD as a cause of mortality and morbidity in both women and men. 

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