Effect of chlorine

Table 11. Effect of Chlorine and Antimony Oxide on the Oxygen Index of Unsaturated Polyesters...

R. M. Harrington, D. Gates, and R. R. Romano, "A Review of the Uses, Chemistry and Health Effects of Chlorine Dioxide and the Chlorite Ion, Chlorine Dioxide Panel of the Chemical Manufacturers Association, Washington, D.C., Api. 1989. 

Some authorities question whether dmnkeimess can result from the inhalation of ethyl alcohol vapors. Experience has demonstrated that in any event such intoxication is indeed rare (281). There is no concrete evidence that the inhalation of ethyl alcohol vapor will cause cirrhosis. Liver function is definitely impaired during alcohol intoxication (282), making the subject more susceptible to the toxic effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons. 

Chlorine is desirable as a bulk pretreatment biocide for inlet water, but its subsequent removal upstream of the membrane is absolutely necessary ana difficult. NaHSO,3 is a common additive to dechlorinate before membranes. It is customarily added at 3-5 mg/1, an excess over the stoichiometric requirement. NH3 is sometimes added to convert the chlorine to chloramine, a much less damaging biocide. Heavy metals present in seawater seem to amplify the damaging effects of chlorine and other oxidants. 

The effectiveness of chlorine residuals increase with higher temperatures within the normal water temperature range. 

What parameters impact on the effectiveness of chlorine as a water disinfectant ... 

Chloroacetate anion is stabilized by electron-withdrawing effect of chlorine. 

This is presumably an estimated average curve, as no numerical data are quoted, and it may be assumed to refer to bare steel. This conclusion is not supported by the results of Volkening, whose main interest was in the effect of chlorination and who shows that although corrosion increased with velocity of chlorinated sea water, when plain sea water was used velocity had little effect. There can be no doubt that painting will very much reduce the effect of water speed, as also will marine fouling or slime. 

Impingement attack Copper may occasionally suffer this form of attack in systems where the speed of water flow is unusually high and the water is one that does not form a protective scale, e.g. a soft water containing appreciable quantities of free carbon dioxide . Ball valve seatings may also suffer an erosive type of attack. The corrosion of ball valves, including the effect of chlorination of the water, has been studied by several workers... 

Elliott, J.E., Wilson, L.K., and Henny, C.J. et al. (2001). Assessment of biological effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons in osprey chicks. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20, 866-879. 

One of the most widely established processes using SCCO2 is the decaffeination of coffee. Prior to widespread use of this process in the 1980s the preferred extraction solvent was dichloromethane. The potential adverse health effects of chlorinated materials were realized at this time and, although there was no direct evidence of any adverse health effects being caused by any chlorinated residues in decaffeinated coffee there was always the risk, highlighted in some press scare stories. Hence the current processes offer health, environmental and economic advantages. 

Koch R, Schlegelmilch R, Wolf HU. 1988. Genetic effects of chlorinated ethylenes in the yeast... 

Figure The effects of chlorine adatom coverage C upon the rates, selectivity, and 0q on Ag(llO) at h90 K and Pq2 150 torr and Pjjt torr.

The variations in the kinetic parameters (E, m,n) with chlorine coverage shown in Fig. 5 are entirely consistent with our studies by thermal desorption spectroscopy, which show the effects of chlorine... 

The effect of chlorinating estrone in aqneous solution has been examined. Three reactions involving chlorination of different rings emerged ... 

Furukawa K, N Tomizuka, A Kamibayashi (1979) Effect of chlorine substitution on the bacterial metabolism of various polychlorinated biphenyls. Appl Environ Microbiol 38 301-310. 

A polypropylene filter, which contained zinc oxide, reacted explosively in contact with chlorine and was destroyed. This filter was tested at 300 bar. Zinc chloride, which is formed by the effect of chlorine on zinc oxide, may have catalysed this reaction. 

The effect of chlorine on dimethylformamide (DMF) gives rise to significant heat liberation that can cause the compounds to overflow. It is assumed that accidents are related to the reaction below that forms an unstable compound ... 

M. J. Franklin, D. E. Nivens, A. A. Vass, M. W. Mittelman, R. F. Jack, M. J. E. Dowling, and D. C. White. Effect of chlorine and chlorine/bromine biocide treatments on the number and activity of biofilm bacteria and on carbon steel corrosion. Corrosion, 47(2) 128-134, February 1991. 

The effectiveness of chlorine reduces markedly as the pH of the system water rises above 7 and at pH s above 8 is largely ineffective as a disinfectant. High levels of chlorine are also known to be aggressive to many of the materials of construction of water services. 

Basic research consists of exploratory studies into things for which an end use cannot be specified. It might include a study to determine the effect of chlorine molecules on the diffusivity of hydrocarbons or a study of the dissolution of single spheres in a flowing stream. The prospective dollar value of this research cannot be estimated. 

The deshielding effects of chlorine and bromine appear to be similar, with the chlorine having a greater deshielding influence in the methane examples above but a smaller influence in the cyclopropane example in Scheme 3.11. 

Beuchat, L.R. (1999) Survival of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli 0157 H7 in bovine feces applied to lettuce and the effectiveness of chlorinated water as a disinfectant . Journal of Food Protection, 62, 845-849. 

Narita, T., Miura, H., Ohira, M., Hondou, H., Sugiyama, K., and Matsuda, T. 1987. The effect of reduction temperature on the chemisorptive properties of Ru/Al203 Effect of chlorine. Appl. Catal. 32 185-90. 

In actual practice, environmental samples which are contaminated with PCB are also highly likely to be contaminated with chlorinated insecticides. Many reports have appeared discussing co-interference effects of chlorinated insecticides in the determination of PCB and vice versa, and much of the more recent published work takes account of this fact by dealing with the analysis of both types of compounds. This work is discussed below. 

Langlois, C.J. and E.J. Calabrese. 1992. The interactive effect of chlorine, copper and nitrite on methaemo-globin formation in red blood cells of Dorset sheep. Human Exper. Toxicol. 11 223-228. 

Milman HA, Story DL, Riccio ES, et al. 1988. Rat liver foci and in vitro assays to detect initiating and promoting effects of chlorinated ethanes and ethylenes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 521-530. 

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