Effect of Ambient Conditions

Available horsepower from a gas turbine is a function of air compressor pressure ratio, combustor temperature, air compressor and turbine efficiencies, ambient temperature, and barometric pressure. High ambient temperatures and/or low barometric pressure will reduce available horsepower while low ambient temperatures and/or high barometric pressure will increase available horsepower. All industrial turbines will have high-temperature protection, but in areas subject to very low ambient temperatures horsepower limiting may be required. 

Where hot ambient temperatures are expected, overall turbine efficiency and horsepower output can be increased by installing an evaporative cooler in the inlet. Inlet air flows through a spray of cold water. The temperature of the water and the cooling effect caused by the inlet air evaporating some of the water cools the inlet air. In desert areas where the inlet air is dry and thus able to evaporate more water before becoming saturated with water vapor, this process is particularly effective at increasing turbine efficiency. 

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Table I Summary of the Effect of Ambient Conditions, Aeration at 1 L/min, Peptone Nutrient at 0.1 Wt. %, Concentration, and the Presence of 5 Other Pesticides (Mix) on the Degradation of Six Pesticides and Two Decomposition Products... 

The selection and preparation of the samples very often is the most crucial item in an interlaboratory test. All characteristics that could affect the integrity of the test have to be considered. This includes homogeneity and stability, which are dealt with in detail later. The PT provider has to look for possible changes in and the effect of ambient conditions on the samples. 

Cdicn, Y. L., and Israelachvili, J. N. Effects of ambient conditions on adsorbed surfactant and polymer monolayers./. Phys. Chem., 96, 7752 (1992). 

Hottinen, T. et al. 2003. Effect of ambient conditions on performance and current distribution of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 33 265-271. 

The effect of ambient conditions - particularly temperature and pressure, both during duty and storage-on performance. The length of shelf life before use must also be varied. 

Effectiveness of the conditioning process is dependent upon respiratory tract geometry, ambient air temperature nd humidity (Cjj (,), inspira-... 

Air entering the first stage of any air compressor carries with it a certain amount of native moisture. This is unavoidable, although the quantity carried will vary widely with the ambient temperature and relative humidity. Figure 41.3 shows the effect of ambient temperature and relative humidity on the quantity of moisture in atmospheric air entering a compressor at 14.7 psia. Under any given condition, the amount of water vapor entering the compressor per 1000 ft of mixture may be approximated from these curves. 

Further studies quickly revealed that the rapid dehydrogenative coupling of primary organosilanes to oligomers and the slower coupling of secondary silanes to dimers can be effected under ambient conditions with compounds of the type CP2MR2 (M = Ti, R = alkyl M = Zr, R = alkyl or H)(11,12,13). None of the other metallocenes, metallocene alkyls, or metallocene hydrides of groups 4, 5 or 6 have shown any measurable activity for polymerization... 

Olefin hydrogenation catalyzed by Fe(CO)s normally requires somewhat severe conditions, typically 150°C and 10 atm H2 (/, p. 64). With near-ultraviolet irradiation the carbonyl becomes effective at ambient conditions for hydrogenation (and isomerization) of olefins (448, 449). Photoinduced labilization of carbonyls is thought to give tricarbonyl species as the active catalysts, e.g.,... 

Considerable information is available on growth and yield effects. However, because it comes from scattered sources and much of it is subjective, no one has developed the data for predictive use (relating dose or injury to yield reductions). This section is divided into a discussion of effects under ambient conditions and a discussion of effects with... 

This description of the behavior of polyethylenimines demonstrates that it is possible to construct synthetic polymers with traits analogous to those of enzymes. The essential structural features in the effective polymers are high local density of functional groups and hydrophobic apolar domains of submicroscopic size, all embedded in a gossamerlike mac-romolecular framework readily permeated by the aqueous solvent. Such structures can be catalytically effective under ambient conditions, that is, at room temperature and pressure in aqueous environments near physiological pH 7. 

Extended exposure of the uncured material to temperatures or conditions outside those recommended by the manufacturer will cause change in physical properties of the uncured material and will likely reduce its resulting cohesive and adhesive strength. The reactions that occur due to ambient storage conditions are described in Chap. 3. Figure 17.5 shows the effect of aging conditions on the tensile shear strength of an epoxy film adhesive. 

In addition to standard incubations, tests were performed. Dose-response curves were made with dilution series of whole mesocosm samples in artificial sea water. The effect of the incubation temperature (15°C) was also compared with a series at ambient temperature (4°C, all sample handling and incubation in cold room). Effects of light conditions were tested by incubations in the dark (wrapped in aluminium foil), 7 and at 40 gmol photons m 2 s-1. 

A small change in cadmium temperature resulted in a slow continuous change in alloy weight corresponding to a linear relationship between activity and cadmium mole fraction. Such a relationship could be followed for days at a time. The nucleation of a new structure resulted in an easily recognized sharp departure in composition which was completed in about 1/2 hour. The system composition would reflect even the small temperature fluctuations associated with change of ambient conditions in the room. The effect tended to randomize the direction of approach to equilibrium for a particular point. 

Ambient factors, such as temperature and light, affect the oil composition of sunflower seeds. Robertson and Russell (13) studied the effect of climatic conditions (temperature difference between night and day in Canada, Minnesota, and California) on the composition of sunflower oil, hnding that linoleic acid increased proportionally with increasing temperature difference. Robertson and Green (14) studied the effect of sowing time on oil content and composition. Eleven different hybrids... 

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