Earthquake simulation

An upper controller is designed to switch between the 625 feedback control gains during earthquake simulations. At each time step, the optimal control force is calculated based on the feedback gain for the system with damping constants that are calculated in the previous step. The force that is required for the i th device is divided by the i th dampers velocity to obtain the optimum damping constant (see Eq. 18.1). Then the closest damping constant within [5,000-25,000 Ns/m at increments of 5,000] is selected for the next time step. 

A series of three centrifuge experiments were carried out on models similarly built and submitted to comparable earthquake simulations, to investigate the magnitude of liquefaction effects, under different conditions, and to assess the performance... 

The time histories and FFTs of the earthquake simulations applied to the centrifuge models are depicted in Fig. 24.9, confirming that the planned loading was achieved in tests CT-B and CT-C. Although the input simulation in test CT-A was not measured, due to an instrument malfunction, there is no reason to believe this simulation was different. It should also be noted that the seismic simulation is not single-frequency, although as required the predominant frequency matches the desired value (1 Hz). 

Fig. 24.12 Settlements of the footings measured during the period of the earthquake simulation...

Hou, S., Earthquake Simulation Models and their Applications, TR R68-17, Civil Eng., MIT, Cambridge, Mass., 1968. 

In Iceland, the Earthquake Engineering Research Centre (EERC) provides awareness training for school children, and contributes to a permanent exhibition on seismicity in HveragerSi. Here, visitors can, for instance, enter a small house that shakes—an earthquake simulator—that allows them to experience powerful earthquake vibrations. 

The paper by Clark (1986) brought the concept of Monte Carlo simulation applied to the assessment of hurricane losses to the actuarial community and paved the way for the foundation of the first catastrophe modeling company. Applied Insurance Research, in 1987. Clark relied on the visionary numerical approaches developed by Friedman (1975) and others. Early earthquake simulation models were simultaneously being developed in California supported by new probabilistic methods (Cornell 1968 Esteva 1970 McGuire 2008). 

Aiken ID, Kelly JM (1990) Earthquake simulator testing and analytical studies of two energy-absorving systems for multistory structures. Report No UBC/EERC-90/03, Earthquake Engineering Rresearch Center, University of California, Berkeley... 

Unat D, Zhou J, Cui Y, Baden SB et al (2012) Accelerating a 3D finite-difference earthquake simulation with a C-to-CUDA translator. Comput Sci Eng 14 48-59... 

Zhou J, Unat D, Choi DJ, Guest CC, Cui Y (2012) Hands-on performance tuning of 3D finite difference earthquake simulation on GPU Fermi chipset. Procedia Comput Sci 9 976-985... 

End-to-end earthquake simulations Large-scale earthquake simulations... 

The objective of this entry is to present an overview of integrated earthquake simulations. Being the most complete available integrated earthquake simulation system, most of the contents of this entry are prepared based on Hori et al. s integrated earthquake simulator (Hori and Ichimura 2008 Hori 2011 Sobhaninejad et al. 2011). In the next section, an overview of integrated earthquake simulations is presented. The remaining sections present some details of earthquake hazard and disaster simulations ... 

An integrated earthquake simulation system consists of a set of numerical tools, which are seamlessly integrated, for simulating the three main phases of an earthquake earthquake and tsunami hazard, earthquake and tsunami disaster, and human actions against the earthquake disaster (see Fig. 1). Different numerical simulations that are used for simulating each of these three phases are summarized below. 

In addition to the abovementioned main application, an integrated earthquake simulation system can be used for many other applications, some of which are listed below ... 

Geographic information system (GIS) data is one of the prominent input data for an integrated earthquake simulator (Hori 2011). GISs are... 

Though it appears that integrating existing numerical tool to build an integrated earthquake simulator is simple, it involves several difficulties and challenges like ... 

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