Tide gauge

Emery, K.O., and Aubrey, D.G (1991) Sea Levels, Land Levels and Tide Gauges. Springer-Verlag, New York. 

Turner, R.E. (1991) Tide gauge records, water level rise, and subsidence in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Estuaries 14, 139-147. 

Systematic observations of the sea level by tide gauges and also current studies with the help of bottle mail were started in 1855. In 1868, deepwater measurements of water temperature and density were carried out from the corvette Lvitsa during installation of a telegraph cable from Feodosia to Adler. They showed that in the Black Sea the water density increases with the depth. 

Smoothed tide gauge record Salt marsh 210pi, record... 

Figure 1 Comparison of the change in sea level measured in a tide gauge in New York versus the excess Ph derived from the atmosphere in a core from the Farm River Salt Marsh, Branford, Connecticut (source McCaffrey and...

Amplitudes and phases of the different partial tides have been estimated from tide gauges in the Baltic Sea by Lisitzin (1974) and Magaard and Krauss (1966). The sum of the semidiurnal partial tides is not larger than 12 cm and the sum of the diurnal partial tides is below 15 cm in the whole Baltic Sea. This makes evident that the Baltic Sea is virtually tideless. An exception is the Belt Sea where the tides from the North Sea propagate with an tidal elevation of about 0.5 m amplitude via Skagerrak and Kattegat into the Belt Sea. Here... 

In the end of the nineteenth century the Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) established 10 tide gauge stations scattered along the Danish coast with this only objective To calculate and define a national reference level (Chart damm). This network of stations was in the twentieth century supplemented with additional stations (more or less permanent in time and location) resulting in a present network of 15 stations. 

All tide gauges have been attended almost daily by a trained observer, who has collected ancillary tide gauge information. 

The tide gauge in Gedser was estabhshed in 1891 and operational from January 1892, that in Hornbaek was established during the summer of 1890 and operational from September 1890 at the positions ofGedser at 54 °N 34, 11 °E56 andofHornbaekat56°N06, 12°E28. ... 

FIGURE 20.9 Scheme of Danish tide gauge systems. 

A former manager at DMI had developed and constructed an instrument with one advantage, it was cheap. This instrument was tested at Toldboden in 1888. Unfortunately this instrument demanded a lot of work and care and the measurements were not reliable. However, at that time it was the only experience in Denmark with respect to automatic water level recording, why DMI was chosen as manager of tide gauges in Denmark. 

Fig. 6. Annual mean sea level (solid circles) and mean sea level for the winter months (November-March, open circles) computed from tide gauge records taken at New London.

Tide gauge within harbor may not be representative of conditions on the open coast. 

Fig. I. Map of Long Island and Block Island Sounds showing the locationsof tide gauges,anemometers,and current meters. The tide gauges were at New London (NL), New Haven (NH), Bridgeport (Bpt), Port Jefferson (PJ), New Rochelle (NR), Montauk (M), and Sandy Hook (SH). Newport (Np) is 67 km east of NL and not shown on the map. Current meters were operated at locations J, D, S, X, and Y a water level recorder was also operated at J. Stratford Point is St. Anemometer locations are shown by open circles. Power calculations are done for the section between A and B. 

The power-crossing section A-B during the storm can be evaluated from the current meter records from locations D and S and tide gauge data, but the quality of the data is not as high as that shown in Fig. 2 for two reasons. First, mechanical clocks were used in the current meters and interpolated corrections for their rates are required. Second, the available water level data are from a tide gauge within New Haven Harbor (rather than one at a current meter site), and a correction for the phase and amplitude difference of the tide between this location and that of the current meters is required. The tide height was corrected by a factor of... 

The water level data in Fig. 5 show that Ah at any place in the Sound (except at the extreme western end) is proportional to Ah at New London. Then, the analysis of water level deviations need be done only for the New London tide gauge. The hourly water levels at this station for the years 1938-1975 were obtained from the U.S. National Ocean Survey. The tidal component of the water level was removed by a regression... 

Fio. 10. Mean SD of the water level residuals for five winter and five summer months for each year of the tide-gauge record from NL. 

Fig. 5. Depth versus time curves for the Farm River (Connecticut) salt marsh based on Pb dating with a comparison with the tide-gauge record for New York City. (From McCaffrey and Thomson, this volume.)...

Smoothed Tide-Gauge Record Sait-Marsh Record —... 

Fig. 12. Comparison of salt-marsh and tide-gauge records. The ages of salt-marsn peat calculated from the distribution of excess "Pb are plotted as horizontal bars of length 2

Using the smoothed sea-level curve, as plotted in Fig. 12, the agreement between the rate of salt-marsh accretion and tide-gauge record is reasonably good, except in that part of the record where temporary reversals in the sea-level curve appear. 

The activity of Pb and concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Pb were measured in contiguous, 2-cm-thick slices of peat. The distribution of excess Pb with depth in the salt marsh, by assuming a constant flux to the surface, is used to estimate the age of sediment at the bottom of each slice. The resulting age-depth relationship was compared to the independent measure of sea-level rise recorded by the New York City tide gauge and was found to be in good general agreement. 

Static GPS has now become a widely accepted and established geodetic positioning technique, in particular for the provision of horizontal and vertical control. Other applications include deformation monitoring, crustal dynamics and tide gauge (sea level) monitoring. As with other very high accuracy applications, the latter two involve fiducial GPS techniques. This is an important aspect of GPS, which will be further developed during the next few years, by the provision of national and continental fiducial networks. 

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