Early adopters, defined

The target audience for the new VAM marketing strategy was defined as senior decision-makers in industry, that is those persons towards the top of an organisation with influence to change attitudes, work practices and realise the commercial benefits of adoption. The need to identify early adopters or champions for VAM was identified. 

Agroforestry as a technique for land mans ement has been used for centuries, but it was not until the mid-1970 s that the term was coined and defined. Early adoptions of what would later be defined as... 

These results are based on nonparametric ANOVA by country, using the t-approximation for the one-sided Wilcoxon two-sample test of differences of means. A -I- indicates that early adopters have a higher score, - indicates a lower score -H-l- indicates significance at the 1% level, ++ at 5%, and + at 10%. Early and later adopters are defined as the first and third tertile respectively, the middle tertile is omitted. These results for France are unreliable and shown only for completeness see note in Table 11. 

The system used in the simulations usually consists of solid walls and lubricant molecules, but the specific arrangement of the system depends on the problem under investigation. In early studies, hard spherical molecules, interacting with each other through the Lennard-Jones (L-J) potential, were adopted to model the lubricant [27], but recently we tend to take more realistic models for describing the lubricant molecules. The alkane molecules with flexible linear chains [28,29] and bead-spring chains [7,30] are the examples for the most commonly used molecular architectures. The inter- and intra-molecular potentials, as well as the interactions between the lubricant molecule and solid wall, have to be properly defined in order to get reliable results. Readers who intend to learn more about the specific techniques of the simulations are referred to Refs. [27-29]. 

From the early structural studies carried out on boranes, it appeared that most of these compounds adopted structures based on arrangements of their boron atoms that defined fragments of icosahedra. That other triangular-faced polyhedra were important became apparent during the 1960s 141, 145, 164, 166, 212), as the structures of key materials such as the borane anions and carboranes C2B 2H were determined,... 

The next step is the definition of deep. The choice of quantitative values will again involve some arbitrariness. However, a further complication is that there is at present no universally accepted qualitative criterion. For instance, from the point of view of energy level calculations it is often convenient to define deep states as noneffective-mass-like or as those with a localized potential (see, for example, Bassani and Pastori Parravicini, 1975 Jaros, 1980). However, the disadvantage of this definition of deep is that it includes many isoelectronic states that are very shallow on an energy scale. On the other hand, if one uses an energy criterion, should the states be deep with respect to some fraction of the band gap, with respect to kT, or with respect to some shallow levels In this chapter we shall adopt an energy criterion for deep, and we shall require that our states be deep enough to be important in recombination. The importance of deep levels in recombination under many conditions of practical interest was already realized in the early work of Hall... 

Single-stranded nucleic acids often fold back on themselves to form well-defined structures. Early in evolutionary history, nucleic acids, particularly RNA, may have adopted complex and diverse structures both to store genetic information and to catalyze its transmission (Section 2.2.2). Such structures are also important in all modem organisms in entities such as the ribosome, a large complex of RNAs and proteins on which proteins are synthesized. 

Early treatments focused on a classical overdamped solvent model (zero-frequency friction) [13b, 14]. In the NA and WA cases, where initial- and final-state wells are sharply defined, separated by a narrow cusp-like barrier, one may adopt a steady-state model of the type displayed in Eq. 7,... 

Trout have thus become adopted and established as a model of carcinogenesis for a number of reasons. In summary, they (i) have low rearing costs compared to rodents, (ii) provide a highly sensitive early life-stage bioassay, (iii) are sensitive to a wide variety of carcinogens, (iv) are responsive to promoters and inhibitors, (v) have a well-defined tumor pathology, (vi) are mechanistically comparable to mammalian models and (vii) provide more tissues for analysis compared with smaller aquarium fish. 

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