E. faecalis

Mechanism of Resistance. Recendy, resistance to high levels of dalbaheptides has been described in both E.faecium and E.faecalis (111). 

B. subtilis AcpS IC50 15 pM B. subtilis, E faecalis and S. pneumo+ MICs > 200 pM... 

If the isolate is determined to be vancomycin-resistant, it is most important to know the exact species because some of the treatment options, such as quinupristin/dalfopristin, are not active against E. faecalis. Currently, the treatment options for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are not well established by clinical studies or patient experience. The treatment recommendations for vancomycin-resistant E. faecium include linezolid or quinupristin/dalfopristin for a minimum of 8 weeks. However, newer agents, such as daptomycin, may provide another option for treatment for either enterococci species (E. faecium and E. faecalis). Additionally, guidelines suggest the use of imipenem-cilistatin plus ampicillin or ceftriaxone plus ampicillin for the treatment of E. faecalis with a minimum of 8 weeks of therapy. Consultation with an infectious diseases specialist is recommended. 

Inhibition of ENR FabK is appropriate for either a narrow spectrum against Streptococci and Clostridium difficile since it is an essential target for these species, or a broader spectrum in combination with a FabI inhibitor since some bacteria such as E. faecalis share both isoforms. 

Microorganisms extracts E. coli P. aeruginosa P. mirabilis K. pneumoinae A. baumannii S. aureus E. faecalis C. albicans C. parapsilosis... 

The two/three-component regulatory systems have been shown to control several virulence traits in E. faecalis. It has been demonstrated that both cytolycin and gelatinase biosynthesis are regulated by a PP compound. 

Cytolycin. Cytolycin is a two-peptide lantibiotic that is produced by E. faecalis strains. In this context, it is interesting to note that though cytolycin is a cytolytic/hemolytic peptide, it also encompasses a strong antibacterial activity and is therefore often referred to as a bacteriocin. The regulation of cytolycin... 

The enterococcal, conjugative, virulence plasmids encoding a mating response to a peptide sex pheromone have been known for many years. About 30 years ago the first conjugative plasmid (pADl) was identified in a clinical isolate of E. faecalis " and several others have been found since (Table 4). 

Glu-AdT inhibitors (20 and 21) (Figure 14) inhibited growth of several bacteria that use the transamidation pathway (5. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, H. pylori) Notably, these compounds did not inhibit growth of two E. coli strains, consistent with the absence of Glu-AdT in this microorganism. 

The combined synergistic effects of cyclo(Leu-Pro) and cyclo(Phe-Pro) were effective against five vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) strains Enterococcus faecium (K-99-38), E. faecalis (K-99-17), E. faecalis (K-99-258), E. faecium (K-01-312), and E. faecalis (K-01-511) with MIC values of 0.25—1 mgl . It also showed activity against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus. Micrococcus luteus, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans with MIC values of 0.25—0.5 mg 1. This combination also showed mutagenic activity against Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TAIOO strains in a Salmonella mutation assay. ... 

Bacterial septicemia - E. faecalis, S. aureus (penicillinase-producing), E. coli, Klebsiella sp., P. aeruginosa, Serratia sp., Enterobacter sp., Bacteroides sp. 

Skin and skin structure infections - E. faecalis, S. aureus (penicillinase-producing), S. epidermidis, E. coli, Klebsiella sp., Enterobacter sp., P. vulgaris, P. rettgeri, M. morganii, P. aeruginosa, Serratia sp., Citrobactersp., Acinetobacter sp., Bacteroides sp., Fusobacterium sp. Peptococcus sp., Peptostreptococcus sp. 

Gynecologic infections - Gynecologic infections, including postpartum endomyometritis, caused by group D streptococcus such as E. faecalis, E. coli] K. pneumoniae] B. intermedius, Peptostreptococcus sp. 

Quinupristin-dalfopristin is approved for treatment of infections caused by staphylococci or by vancomycin-resistant strains of E faecium, but not E faecalis, which is intrinsically resistant probably because of an efflux-type resistance mechanism. The principal toxicities are infusion-related events, such as pain at the infusion site, and an arthralgia-myalgia syndrome. 

Finally we quote a paper by Erkmen [43], He investigated the inactivation of E. faecalis suspended in physiological and complex substrates (orange-, peach-, or carrot juice) and obtained a total inactivation under specific conditions of pressure, temperature and exposure time, apart from whole- or skimmed milk. 

To investigate the effect of yeast extract concentrations on succinic acid production, fumaric acid consumption, and cell growth, E. faecalis RKY1 was grown on culture medium containing from 0 to 20 g/L of yeast extract. As shown in Fig. 6, cell growth increased with increasing yeast extract. Succinic acid production and fumaric acid consumption were also enhanced by an increase in yeast extract up to 10 g/L, but they were not... 

Finally, we investigated the inhibition of concentrated fungal culture broth on succinic acid production and fumaric acid consumption. As shown in Fig. 8, we found that concentrated fungal culture broth slightly inhibited the bacterial conversion. Succinic acid could be efficiently produced from fungal culture broth until it was concentrated to three-fold (64 g/L of fumaric acid). However, the conversion time needed was severely prolonged when it was concentrated to more than four-fold (84 g/L of fumaric acid). Since E.faecalis RKY1 could efficiently convert fumaric acid... 

All four compounds were found to be most active against S. aureus and E. faecalis, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.5 pg/mL, followed by E. coli (2 pg/mL), K. pneumoniae (4 pg/mL), A. baumannii, and B. subtilis (8 pg/mL). P. mirabilis and P. aeruginosa were the most resistant bacteria against the compounds (16 and 32 pg/mL, respectively). Notably, antibacterial activity of the compounds was as potent as ampicillin (AMP) and oflaxocin (OFX) towards S. aureus and E. faecalis. These compounds also possessed quite remarkable antifungal activity against C. albicans, as much as ketocanozole (KET) (1 pg/mL). 

E. coli K. pneu- P. aeruginosa Staph. E.faecalis. B.fragUis Neumann moniae 63 Walter aureus 133 ICB 27101 DSM2151... 

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