Dyeing process system

Dyeing accelerants Dyeing classes Dyeing of leather Dyeing paper Dyeing processes Dye initiators Dye-in-polymer systems Dye intermediates... 

There is no doubt that the major weakness of the reactive dyeing process is the hydrolysis reaction and the consequent need for a wash-off" process. The extent to which dye hydrolysis takes place in competition with dye-fibre reaction varies quite markedly within the range 10 40% depending upon the system in question. A considerable amount of research has therefore been devoted to the search for reactive dyes with improved fixation. The most successful approach to addressing this issue has involved the development of dyes with more than one fibre-reactive group in the molecule, which statistically improves the chances of dye fibre bond formation. Examples of products of this type are the Procion H-E... 

As has been implied already, functional demands for auxiliaries continue to grow, with each dye-fibre system and dyeing or printing process having particular needs. The primary functions of auxiliaries are ... 

Dye-fiber covalent bond, 9 463, 464 Dye-fiber fixation process, 9 466 Dye filter cakes, 9 455 Dye fixation, 9 217. See also Fixation Dye formation processes, in subtractive dye imaging systems, 19 295-296 Dye hole, 9 508... 

One-bath, one-stage dyeing process, 9 198 One-component system, phase equilibrium in, 24 661-665... 

Worm end products, 18 646 Worsted wool-processing system, 26 383-384, 385-386 Worsted yarn, 11 178 Wort, 3 563, 564, 574, 575, 583 separation, 3 578-579 Wound closure, suture size and, 24 216 Wound closure biomaterials, 24 205. See also Sutures Wound dressings cotton smart, 3 31 ethylene oxide polymers in, 10 687 hydrogels in, 13 751-752 Woven fabrics, 11 178 dyeing, 9 170-171 Woven flax fibers, 11 594 Woven plastic bags, 18 12 Wovens... 

The influence of metal ions on the aggregation of Cl Reactive Red 2 (3.14) in aqueous solution at various pH values has been examined in detail recently [18]. Sodium ions have a profound effect on these disulphonated dye anions, so that the enhancement of substantivity during the dyeing process is accompanied by aggregation attributable to hydrophobic interaction between the phenyl and s-triazine ring systems. Aggregation is much greater,... 

Without a doubt the best known of the instant colour photographic processes is that invented and developed by the Polaroid Corporation. " The original Polacolor system led to the famous Polaroid SX-70 system in 1972. This is a dye diffusion system involving a dye developer in a tripack negative arrangement, placed on top of a receiver sheet, as shown in Figure 2.30. 

Sulfinates. Arylsulfinate anions were shown to be effective activators for photoreducible dye polymerization systems by Hiller, Margerum, and Rust (41). The work is described with applications in a number of patent publications (20,41a,42). These workers also studied the mechanism of the photoinitiation process (43). 

With single-photon exposure, excitations may decay either through a variety of processes including chain scission and fluorescence (47). We would therefore expect to observe fluorescence from two-photon excitation as well. To observe the fluorescence, we used a Spectra Physics mode locked dye laser system, operating with Rhodamine 560 dye. This was focused onto the polymer film, and the emitted light collected into a spectrometer with a Princeton Instruments Optical Multichannel Analyzer (OMA) attachment. 

The maximum %0 2 x 10 11 esu, is the largest ever reported as far as we know for any organic compound doped polymer system. As this cyanine dye-polymer system has a processability and a large %(3), it is expected to be used in optical signal processing experiments. 

Dyeing-process behaviour with and without sensor system... 

Sulfonated azo dyes (reactive dyes) are widely used in the textile industry. Due to the simultaneous hydrolysis in the dyeing process, 15-60 % of the reactive dyes reach the waste water system. In addition, their use strongly increases with the colouring of natural fibres, and so a total of 60 % of all dyes emitted to the waste water are reactive materials. 

In the dyeing process, the pH is set at 4.5-5.5 (acetic acid, ammonium sulfate, or ammonium acetate), and the dyeing auxiliaries are added to the liquor. The dyes are added at 30-50°C the system is heated and dyed at boiling temperature. After rinsing, formic acid is used for acidification to improve the feel and wetfastness. 

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